Class Difference in achievement - External factors
- Created by: Alecia
- Created on: 31-08-17 23:30
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- Class difference in achievement- External factors
- Cultural deprivation
- theorists believe that
- many working class parents fail to educate their children adequately
- These children grow up deprived
- meaning they lack cultural equipment to succeed at school
- Language
- Hubb et al(2002)
- found that parents that challenged children with complex questions improved their cognitive performance
- Bernstein(1975) -speech codes
- restricted code
- WC
- Context based
- limited vocab
- elaborate code
- MC
- Wider Vocab
- context-free
- used in schools
- gives middle-class higher cultural capital
- Bernstein recognises that school is also to blame for wc cultural deprivation
- restricted code
- Hubb et al(2002)
- Use of income
- Bernstein & Young(1967)
- MC mothers more likely to buy education toys, books & activities which stimulates intellectual development
- Bernstein & Young(1967)
- Working-Class subculture
- Sugarman(1970)
- 4 main features that act as an educational barrier
- Fatalism
- belief in fate
- Immediate Gradification
- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifice to get rewards in the future
- Present-time orientation
- seeing the present as more inmportant than the future
- Collectivism
- value being in a group more than succeeding as an individual
- Fatalism
- 4 main features that act as an educational barrier
- Sugarman(1970)
- Compensatoy education
- programmes aimed to tackle cultural deprivation
- Operation head start (USA)
- Education priority areas
- Education action zones
- Sure start
- programmes aimed to tackle cultural deprivation
- myth of cultural deprivation
- Keddie(1973)
- cultural deprivation is a victim blaming explanation
- culture is different not deprived
- puts children at a disadvantage by a middle class dominated education system
- Troya & Williams (1986)
- argue that the problem iis the schools attitude towards children's languages
- Black Stone & Mortimore(1994)
- Wc parents attend less parent evenings as they have long & irregular hours or off put by MC atmosphere
- Keddie(1973)
- theorists believe that
- Material deprivation
- Housing
- direct
- makes it harder for kids to study
- disturbed sleep
- less room for educational activities
- lack of safe space to explore
- constant disruption to education
- indirect
- greater risks of accidents
- cold or damp housing can cause ill health
- psychological distress, infections & accidents
- direct
- diet & health
- Howard(2001)
- young people in poorer homes have lower energy and therefore lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals
- results in lack of concentrations & absenses from school
- young people in poorer homes have lower energy and therefore lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals
- Wilkinson (1996)
- found among 10 year olds the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyper activity , anxiety and conduct disorders
- negative effect on education
- found among 10 year olds the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyper activity , anxiety and conduct disorders
- Balnden & Machien (2007)
- children from low income families were more likely to engage in extenalising behaviour
- disrupts school e.g. fighting, shouting out in lessons, etc.
- children from low income families were more likely to engage in extenalising behaviour
- Howard(2001)
- Financial support & costs of education
- poor families forced to give their children hand-e-downs of they cant afford new uniform & cheaper unfashionable equipment
- Bull(1980)
- cost of free schooling
- Tanner et al (2003)
- found that the cost of items such as transport, uniforms & books places a heavy burden on poor families
- Flaherty
- fear of stigmatisation may explain why 20% of those eligible for fsm do not accept
- Smith &Noble(1995)
- poverty acts as barrier to learning in other ways - inability to afford private schooling or tuition & poorer quality local schools
- fear of debt
- Callender & Jackson (2005)
- working class are more in debt averse and are 5x more likely to not apply
- UCas (2012)
- drop of applicants by 8.6% due to increased uni tuition fees to £9,000
- National Audit Office (2002)
- Working-class sutdents spent 2x time in paid work to reduce their debts as midile-class students do
- National union of students(2010)
- online survey of 3,863 uni students found 81% of those received financial help from home 9higher class), 43% (lower class). 30% uni sutdents cae from working class backgrounds
- Callender & Jackson (2005)
- Housing
- Cultural capital
- Bourdieu(1984)
- both cultural & material factors contribute to education achievement & are not separate but interrlated
- split into 3 types
- economic capital- wealth
- education capital - education
- cultural capital- knowledge
- test of Borudieu's ideas
- Sullivan(2001)
- used questionnaires to conduct a survey of 465 pupils 4 schools
- those who read complex fiction & watched documentaries developed a wider vocab & cultural knowledge.
- children with greater culture capital were children of graduates
- greater resources & aspirations of middle-class families explain the remainder of the class gap in achievement
- children with greater culture capital were children of graduates
- those who read complex fiction & watched documentaries developed a wider vocab & cultural knowledge.
- used questionnaires to conduct a survey of 465 pupils 4 schools
- Sullivan(2001)
- Bourdieu(1984)
- Cultural deprivation
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