Chemical Industry
- Created by: saskialee1
- Created on: 03-06-18 13:17
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- Chemical Industry
- equilibrium in industrial processes
- nitrogen chemistry
- bonding in nitrogen compounds
- test for nirate ions (NO3-)- add sodium hydroxide and Devarda's alloy - ammonia given off
- test for ammonia ions, NH4+ - add sodium hydroxide and heat gently - ammonia gas given off
- bonding in nitrogen compounds
- rate of chemical reactions
- Arrhenius equation
- rate equation:rate = k[species in rate-determining step]
- order of reaction
- first order: rate = k[A], units of k =
- second order: rate = k[A][B] or rate = k[A], units of k =
- orders from half lives
- orders from rate-concentration graphs
- rate-determining steps
- order of reaction
- measuring rates of reactions
- volume of gas produced
- mass lost as gas
- colorimetry
- the operation of a chemical manufacturing process
- health and safety
- increasing pressure- favours side with fewer gas molecules - Kc does not change
- determining equilibrium constants
- increasing temperature - favours endothermic reaction - Kc changes
- catalysts - no effect
- increasing pressure- favours side with fewer gas molecules - Kc does not change
- determining equilibrium constants
- increasing temperature - favours endothermic reaction - Kc changes
- catalysts - no effect
- the units of Kc depends on the expression for Kc
- increasing temperature - favours endothermic reaction - Kc changes
- determining equilibrium constants
- the units of Kc depends on the expression for Kc
- increasing temperature - favours endothermic reaction - Kc changes
- determining equilibrium constants
- costs of the process
- fixed costs: costs incurred independent of product (e.g. building, insurance)
- variable costs:specific to unit production (e.g. raw materials)
- co-product - a secondary product that can also produce profit
- by-product - unwanted product with no profitability
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