Charles I Foreign Policy, 1625-1629
Charles' foregin policy -1629-1640 - History AQA AS level
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- Created on: 07-05-13 12:11
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- Charles I Foreign Policy, 1625-1629
- Aims
- Find a sufficient bride
- Return the Palatinate back to Frederick
- War with Spain
- Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
- Anti-Hapsburg Alliance
- The Treaty of Southampton was signed in September 1625 between England and the United Provinces
- Only Denmark joined the League. Charles would pay them £30,000 a month for the army
- Christian IV of Denmark managed to invade North Germany but was defeated
- Only Denmark joined the League. Charles would pay them £30,000 a month for the army
- The Treaty of Southampton was signed in September 1625 between England and the United Provinces
- Cadiz Expedition, 1625
- The expedition was not very well prepared. They needed fitting out and feeding as some provisions went rotten and they were already short of money
- Parliament had requested a naval war with Spain
- They also wanted the war to be self-financing through the capture of Spanish prizes
- On the attack of the port, troops found a wine store and became too drunk to fight
- Shortages of beer and water then led to sickness
- Buckingham, Lord Admiral, was blamed for the failure of the expedition
- Shortages of beer and water then led to sickness
- Von Mansfeld's Expedition, 1625
- Charles and Buckingham attempted to set up an anti-Spanish 'front' to force the Hapsburg's to restore the Palatinate back to Frederick. They used 6,000 troops
- Von Mansfeld was an experienced German mercenary and set off as leader
- Troops were poorly equipped and many died from disease
- They were also unable to carry on the expedition through French land
- Anti-Hapsburg Alliance
- French Match and Alliance, Dec. 1624
- Treaty, November
- Henrietta Maria and her children would be able to practice their religion freely
- Her children would be educated as Catholics up to the age of 13
- A chapel in London would be opened, served by 28 priests and a bishop
- Catholics were to be granted toleration
- A £240,000 dowry would be handed over by the French
- Henrietta Maria and her children would be able to practice their religion freely
- Buckingham wanted to encircle the Hapsburgs
- It would require co-operation from France and would provide a sufficient wife for Charles
- He was trying to make religious concessions that were unacceptable in Spain
- Charles and Henrietta Maria married in June 1626
- Cardinal Richelieu would not make war until it suited him
- Treaty, November
- Collapse of Anglo-French Relations
- In September 1625 English ships went on loan to France to defeat a Huguenot force off La Rochelle
- Huguenots were fellow Protestants and it was the moral duty of Charles to defend them
- Charles was anxious for parliamentary subsidies and to keep Roman Catholic suspicions with France on a low
- He did not carry out the part of the marriage treaty that dealt with giving Catholics toleration in England
- Charles expelled most of Henrietta Maria's Catholic servants
- Their marriage turned cold
- In February 1626 France signed a treaty with Spain at Monzon
- This was just as Buckingham was hoping France would join the war effort
- Buckingham made contact with the French aristocracy who also wanted to remove the cardinal
- An English fleet would be sent
- Buckingham made contact with the French aristocracy who also wanted to remove the cardinal
- This was just as Buckingham was hoping France would join the war effort
- In September 1625 English ships went on loan to France to defeat a Huguenot force off La Rochelle
- Anglo-French War, 1627-1629
- Expeditions to La Rochelle to support Huguenots
- First Expedition, June 1627
- Buckingham spent £10,000 of his own money on the expedition. The capture of French prizes and the forced loan also financed it
- Buckingham would lead the expedition
- He was not experienced in military affairs and as he did not receive adequate backing from England, supplies failed to arrive
- The plan was to capture the island of Rhe which guarded the approach to La Rochelle
- This would encourage a general uprising by the Huguenots
- Hopefully this would lead to Richelieu's downfall or change of policy
- This achieved nothing, causing another expedition to take place in November
- Second and Third Expeditions, April & October 1628
- An expedition to relieve La Rochelle as it was under seige by Louis' troops
- Led by Buckingham's brother-in-law, the Earl of Denbigh
- The second expedition was even more of a failure
- La Rochelle fell to the French King's forces on the third expedition
- First Expedition, June 1627
- Expeditions to La Rochelle to support Huguenots
- The Death of Buckingham, August 1628
- Charles never forgot the scenes of rejoicing in the House of Commons
- He lost heart for any further adventured in Europe to support Protestant causes or his brother-in-law
- Charles never forgot the scenes of rejoicing in the House of Commons
- The End of the Wars with Spain and France
- Peace with France was made with France in the treaty of Suza in April 1629
- This was a tactic agreement to bury the past
- The Treaty of Madrid was signed in November 1630 with Spain
- Philip IV gave a written promise that he would agree to the restoration of the Palatinate as part of a general settlement
- Peace with France was made with France in the treaty of Suza in April 1629
- The Effects of the Wars of the 1620's
- It put a lot of strain on the counties
- Charles had to raise forced loans and the Deputy Lieutenants had to collect troops who were fed and housed by the counties until they were transported to the ports
- This was also at the counties' expense
- Charles had to raise forced loans and the Deputy Lieutenants had to collect troops who were fed and housed by the counties until they were transported to the ports
- It put a lot of strain on the counties
- Foreign Affairs during the Personal Rule, 1629-1640
- Relations with Spain
- Throughout the 1630's Charles favored Spain more, seeing them as potential friends
- The Spanish were keen to break the Anglo-Dutch alliance as in 1628 the Spanish were seized
- Spanish ships captured by the Dutch were moored in English ports, but the Spanish were given back their ships by England
- Privateer ships were allowed to be left in England and could attack Dutch ships
- Co-operation between the countries occurred in late 1630
- Privateer ships were allowed to be left in England and could attack Dutch ships
- The Palatinate
- In 1631 the opportunity arose to gain the Palatinate back
- Sweden won a major battle in north Germany. This was the Protestants first major victory in the Thirty Years War
- They wanted £200,000 to help get the Palatinate back, but Charles allowed silver to be taken back to Spain for funding
- Sweden won a major battle in north Germany. This was the Protestants first major victory in the Thirty Years War
- The Palatinate was not restored until the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648
- In 1631 the opportunity arose to gain the Palatinate back
- Relations with Spain
- Aims
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