Chapter 6 - Respiration
- Created by: stef17
- Created on: 28-04-16 08:52
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- Chapter 6 - Respiration
- ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Phosphorylated nucleotide
- 30.5kJ per mole of ATP in hydrolysis reactions
- 32 ATP molecules are made using aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- 1. Phosphate groups are added to glucose (this uses two ATP), forming a hexose bisphosphate molecule
- 2. This splits to form two triose phosphate molecules
- 3. These molecules are then oxidised to pyruvate, using dehydrogenase enzymes and produces NADH, two ADP molecules are also turned into two ATP molecules during this step
- The pyruvate then enters a mitochondrion
- The link reaction
- Pyruvate is turned to acetate, in a two-step process, the first is decarboxylation and then removal of a hydrogen
- This combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- Pyruvate is turned to acetate, in a two-step process, the first is decarboxylation and then removal of a hydrogen
- The Krebs cycle
- 1. Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
- 2. The CoA is released and the citrate is gradually turned back to oxaloacetate
- 3. This produces one FADH molecule, one ATP molecule and three NADH molecules
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- The extra hydrogens on NADH molecules are released then carried on an electron transport chain, this releases energy that is used to form ATP in ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
- O2 is the final electron acceptor, and combines with the electron and a H+ ion to form water
- Anaerobic respiration
- Done when there is no oxygen
- In animals, pyruvate is turned to lactate by becoming the final electron accceptor
- Lactate is turned into pyruvate again when oxygen becomes available (the oxygen debt is paid)
- In microorganisms, pyruvate forms ethanol
- Only 2 ATP molecules formed
- Respiratory substrates
- Glucose is the main one, but lipids and proteins can also be respired
- ATP
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