Chapter 11 - Genomes and gene technologies
- Created by: stef17
- Created on: 04-05-16 10:36
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- Chapter 11 - Genomes and gene technologies
- Using gene sequencing
- Tells us evolutionary relationships
- Sequencing a genome
- 4. Different lengths of DNA are separated using electrophoresis
- This is where the DNA fragments are separated according to size
- 3. DNA polymerase makes copies of DNA, stopping whenever a labelled nucleotide is added
- 5. Computer records the labels
- 2. Multiple labelled copies of each of the small lengths are made
- 6. Computer program then works out the overall sequence
- 1. Lots of copies are made using PCR, then broken apart
- 4. Different lengths of DNA are separated using electrophoresis
- Genetic engineering
- Creates GMO's
- Example: E.coli that produce human insulin
- Example: Golden rice tm
- Example: pigs for xenotransplantation
- Gene transfer
- 3. Gene is inserted into a vector (usually a plasmid)
- Plasmid is cut with the same restriction enzyme as the gene of interest and ligase is added to join the gene and plasmid together
- 2. PCR
- 4. Vector inserts gene into cells
- Bacteria are treated with calcium ions to make them more likely to take up the plasmids
- 1. Target gene is identified, and cut out of the chromosomes or made by reverse transcription of RNA
- Gene is cut out using restriction enzymes (HGH uses BamH1) and has 'sticky ends'
- 5. Successfully transformed cells are identified and clones
- Either identified through antibiotic resistance (replica plating) or through fluorescence
- 3. Gene is inserted into a vector (usually a plasmid)
- Creates GMO's
- PCR
- 1. Mixture of DNA, primers, free nucleotides, and DNA polymerase is created
- 2. DNA is denatured to make single strands (requires temp. of 95oC)
- 3. Primers attach (anneal) to the ends (requires temp of 65oC)
- 4. DNA polymerase builds up complete DNA strands (requires temp. of 72oC)
- Probes
- Labelled piece of DNA that anneals to the target gene so it can be identified
- Gene therapy
- Somatic therapy
- Body cells are modified, modified genes cannot be passed on to offspring
- Germ line therapy
- Embryo modified and modified genes can be passed on
- Banned in most countries including UK and USA
- Somatic therapy
- Using gene sequencing
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