Human Geography

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  • Human Geography
    • Urbanisation
      • Movement of people from the countryside to the cities
      • This happens in both richer and poorer countries
      • People in poorer countries move because:
        • Service shortage in rural areas
          • Supposedly better living standards
            • More job opportunities in the city
              • Better infrastructure
      • People in richer countries move because:
      • CBD (central business district)
        • Inner city- mainly terraced housing, some industry, high density housing and regeneration
        • Suburbs- larger houses, semi-detached, housing estates, schools, parks on cheap land
        • Rural-urban fringe- big houses, airports, allotments, golf courses where the town meets the countryside
      • Housing issues: Cities in richer and poorer countries all have this in common
        • Urban renewal schemes- government strategies which encourage investment, services and employment in derelict inner cities
        • New towns- brand new towns to house overspilt populations from existing cities with housing shortages
        • Relocation incentives- encourages living in large council houses and move out of urban areas which frees up houses for working families in urban areas.
      • Run-down CBDs- often caused by out-of-town shopping centers and business parks. This can be resolved by:
        • Pedestrianization to areas to make them safer and nicer for shoppers
        • Improving access with better transport and car parking
        • Converting derelict warehouses and docks into smart new shops, restaurants and museums
        • Improving public areas with parks and squares
      • Traffic congestion and pollution- this can damage health, buildings, traffic jams, congestion and accidents
        • Improving public transport to encourage less cars
        • Increasing car parking charges
        • Bus priority lanes to speed up bus services
        • Pedestrianization of central areas to clear main shopping streets
      • Cultural Mixing
        • Segregation in cities is often a cause of many different populations of people from different ethical backgrounds
        • People prefer to live near others of similarity
          • Improving communication between all parts of the community
        • People live near to services that are important to their culture
          • Making sure everyone can access information about different services
          • Interpreters in police stations and hospitals
        • People with the same ethnic backgrounds are often restricted to where they can live due to lack of money
      • Brownfield; disused or derelict land, valuable buildings, found in urban areas, more expensive to build on
      • Greenfield; not previously built on, cheap, takes away countryside and causes more commuting and traveling
      • Characteristics of a sustainable city
        • Waste schemes- more recycling, safely disposing of toxic waste
        • Converting existing features- restoring historic buildings and protecting natural environments
        • Building on brownfield sites- prevents usage of countryside
        • Building carbon-neutral homes- solar panels and BEDZED
        • Creating an efficient public transport system
    • Tourism
      • The causes for the growth in tourism:
        • More disposable income
        • More company holidays means people have more free time
        • Cheaper travel
        • Cheaper holidays because they're sold through online websites
        • Many countries investing in infrastructure for tourism
        • Marketing of unusual destinations has increased
        • Improvements in travel mean it is easier, cheaper and faster to get to places
      • The potential of cities, mountains and coastal areas for tourism:
        • Cities: culture (museums, art galleries) entertainment (bars, restaurants, theaters, shopping) like London, New York, Rome and Paris
        • Mountains: beautiful scenery, activities (walking, climbing, skiing, snowboarding) like the Alps, the Dolomites and the Rockies
        • Coastal: swimming, snorkeling, fishing, water skiing like Spain, the Caribbean and Thailand
      • The economic benefits of tourism:
        • 32 million overseas visitors to the UK in 2008
        • UK is popular for its historic landmarks, churches and cathedrals, castles and palaces
        • Half of the visitors to the UK visit London for its museums, theaters and shopping
        • In 2007, tourism contributed £114 billion to the economy and employed 1.4 million people
      • External factors affecting UK visitor numbers:
        • Major Events
        • Weather
        • World Economy
        • Exchange rate
        • Terrorism and conflict
      • Butler's Model:
        • 1) exploration, small numbers of visitors attracted to area with little tourist facilities
        • 2) involvement, local people start providing facilities with increases attraction
        • 3) development, more and more visitors come as facilities improve and control passes from locals to the government
        • 4) consolidation, big part of local economy but numbers start to level off
        • 5) stagnation, visitor numbers have peaked and facility standards have lowered and tourism has a negative impact on the environment
        • 6) rejuvenation or decline, if the area is rejuvenated then numbers rise but if not, the numbers decline and the area becomes run-down
      • What is 'mass tourism'?
        • Organised tourism for large numbers of people, like Spain on a package holiday
        • Positives:
          • Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
            • Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
              • New businesses may be set up
        • Negatives:
          • Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
            • Traffic congestion
              • Decline in traditional jobs
                • Tourists owning houses abroad can cause shops to close when out of season
      • Extreme Tourism:
        • different and exciting
        • seeing wildlife only found in the wild
        • enjoyment of the risk or danger associated
        • Affordable with disposable income
        • advertising encourages
        • seeing places like Antarctica before all of the ice melts
        • improved transport make it accessible
        • Effects on the environment:
      • The need for stewardship and conservation:
        • Stewardship- take responsibility for conserving the environment
        • Conservation- protect and manage the environment from damage
      • Ecotourism:
        • Tourism that doesn't harm the environment and benefits the local people
        • Involves both conservation and stewardship
        • Small-scale activity with only small numbers of tourists at a time
        • Prevents poaching and hunting of rare species, damaging the environment and reduces the use of fossil fuels
        • Creates jobs for locals and they can make money from small businesses
    • Population Change
      • Exponential rate (increasing faster and faster)
      • Stages of the DTM
        • 1) High birth rate, no contraception, lots of children, high infant fatalities, high death rate, poor healthcare, growth at zero, mostly young people
        • 2) High birth rate, no contraception, agricultural economy, falling death rate, improved healthcare, high growth rate, mostly young people
        • 3) Birth rate falling, emancipation of women, better education, contraception increase, manufacturing economy change, low death rate, medical advances, high growth rate, more people living longer
        • 4) Low birth rate, improved wealth, urbanization, low and fluctuating death rate, zero growth, high life expectancy
        • 5) Falling birth rate, dependent elderly relatives, low and fluctuating death rate, negative growth rate, more older people
      • Social, Economic and Political effects of growth:
        • Social- services suffer, working children to support families, overcrowding, lack of housing, water and food shortages
        • Economic- not enough jobs, increase in unemployment, poverty increase,
        • Political- youthful population leads to focus on education , no focus on pensions, policies to bring younger generation under control
      • Impact of agricultural change on growth:
        • With industrialization, less children were needed to work manually on farms in urban areas
      • Impact of urbanizastion on growth:
        • More access to medical care across the country leads to less infant mortality and spread of disease
      • Impact of the emancipation of women on growth:
        • High status and equality for women leads to more career paths taken, having children later and education about contraception
      • Impact of education on growth:
        • Family planning and hygiene education can encourage smaller families
  • During the Industrial and Agricultural Revolution of the 18th-19th century
    • Machinery replaces farm labour and jobs were created in new factories
  • The late 20th century left inner cities run-down
    • People are now re-attracted to the redeveloped areas
  • Positives:
    • Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
      • Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
        • New businesses may be set up
  • Negatives:
    • Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
      • Traffic congestion
        • Decline in traditional jobs
          • Tourists owning houses abroad can cause shops to close when out of season

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