Human Geography
- Created by: laurencranny
- Created on: 02-06-17 19:07
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- Human Geography
- Urbanisation
- Movement of people from the countryside to the cities
- This happens in both richer and poorer countries
- People in poorer countries move because:
- Service shortage in rural areas
- Supposedly better living standards
- More job opportunities in the city
- Better infrastructure
- More job opportunities in the city
- Supposedly better living standards
- Service shortage in rural areas
- People in richer countries move because:
- CBD (central business district)
- Inner city- mainly terraced housing, some industry, high density housing and regeneration
- Suburbs- larger houses, semi-detached, housing estates, schools, parks on cheap land
- Rural-urban fringe- big houses, airports, allotments, golf courses where the town meets the countryside
- Housing issues: Cities in richer and poorer countries all have this in common
- Urban renewal schemes- government strategies which encourage investment, services and employment in derelict inner cities
- New towns- brand new towns to house overspilt populations from existing cities with housing shortages
- Relocation incentives- encourages living in large council houses and move out of urban areas which frees up houses for working families in urban areas.
- Run-down CBDs- often caused by out-of-town shopping centers and business parks. This can be resolved by:
- Pedestrianization to areas to make them safer and nicer for shoppers
- Improving access with better transport and car parking
- Converting derelict warehouses and docks into smart new shops, restaurants and museums
- Improving public areas with parks and squares
- Traffic congestion and pollution- this can damage health, buildings, traffic jams, congestion and accidents
- Improving public transport to encourage less cars
- Increasing car parking charges
- Bus priority lanes to speed up bus services
- Pedestrianization of central areas to clear main shopping streets
- Cultural Mixing
- Segregation in cities is often a cause of many different populations of people from different ethical backgrounds
- People prefer to live near others of similarity
- Improving communication between all parts of the community
- People live near to services that are important to their culture
- Making sure everyone can access information about different services
- Interpreters in police stations and hospitals
- People with the same ethnic backgrounds are often restricted to where they can live due to lack of money
- Brownfield; disused or derelict land, valuable buildings, found in urban areas, more expensive to build on
- Greenfield; not previously built on, cheap, takes away countryside and causes more commuting and traveling
- Characteristics of a sustainable city
- Waste schemes- more recycling, safely disposing of toxic waste
- Converting existing features- restoring historic buildings and protecting natural environments
- Building on brownfield sites- prevents usage of countryside
- Building carbon-neutral homes- solar panels and BEDZED
- Creating an efficient public transport system
- Tourism
- The causes for the growth in tourism:
- More disposable income
- More company holidays means people have more free time
- Cheaper travel
- Cheaper holidays because they're sold through online websites
- Many countries investing in infrastructure for tourism
- Marketing of unusual destinations has increased
- Improvements in travel mean it is easier, cheaper and faster to get to places
- The potential of cities, mountains and coastal areas for tourism:
- Cities: culture (museums, art galleries) entertainment (bars, restaurants, theaters, shopping) like London, New York, Rome and Paris
- Mountains: beautiful scenery, activities (walking, climbing, skiing, snowboarding) like the Alps, the Dolomites and the Rockies
- Coastal: swimming, snorkeling, fishing, water skiing like Spain, the Caribbean and Thailand
- The economic benefits of tourism:
- 32 million overseas visitors to the UK in 2008
- UK is popular for its historic landmarks, churches and cathedrals, castles and palaces
- Half of the visitors to the UK visit London for its museums, theaters and shopping
- In 2007, tourism contributed £114 billion to the economy and employed 1.4 million people
- External factors affecting UK visitor numbers:
- Major Events
- Weather
- World Economy
- Exchange rate
- Terrorism and conflict
- Butler's Model:
- 1) exploration, small numbers of visitors attracted to area with little tourist facilities
- 2) involvement, local people start providing facilities with increases attraction
- 3) development, more and more visitors come as facilities improve and control passes from locals to the government
- 4) consolidation, big part of local economy but numbers start to level off
- 5) stagnation, visitor numbers have peaked and facility standards have lowered and tourism has a negative impact on the environment
- 6) rejuvenation or decline, if the area is rejuvenated then numbers rise but if not, the numbers decline and the area becomes run-down
- What is 'mass tourism'?
- Organised tourism for large numbers of people, like Spain on a package holiday
- Positives:
- Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
- Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
- New businesses may be set up
- Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
- Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
- Negatives:
- Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
- Traffic congestion
- Decline in traditional jobs
- Tourists owning houses abroad can cause shops to close when out of season
- Decline in traditional jobs
- Traffic congestion
- Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
- Extreme Tourism:
- different and exciting
- seeing wildlife only found in the wild
- enjoyment of the risk or danger associated
- Affordable with disposable income
- advertising encourages
- seeing places like Antarctica before all of the ice melts
- improved transport make it accessible
- Effects on the environment:
- The need for stewardship and conservation:
- Stewardship- take responsibility for conserving the environment
- Conservation- protect and manage the environment from damage
- Ecotourism:
- Tourism that doesn't harm the environment and benefits the local people
- Involves both conservation and stewardship
- Small-scale activity with only small numbers of tourists at a time
- Prevents poaching and hunting of rare species, damaging the environment and reduces the use of fossil fuels
- Creates jobs for locals and they can make money from small businesses
- The causes for the growth in tourism:
- Population Change
- Exponential rate (increasing faster and faster)
- Stages of the DTM
- 1) High birth rate, no contraception, lots of children, high infant fatalities, high death rate, poor healthcare, growth at zero, mostly young people
- 2) High birth rate, no contraception, agricultural economy, falling death rate, improved healthcare, high growth rate, mostly young people
- 3) Birth rate falling, emancipation of women, better education, contraception increase, manufacturing economy change, low death rate, medical advances, high growth rate, more people living longer
- 4) Low birth rate, improved wealth, urbanization, low and fluctuating death rate, zero growth, high life expectancy
- 5) Falling birth rate, dependent elderly relatives, low and fluctuating death rate, negative growth rate, more older people
- Social, Economic and Political effects of growth:
- Social- services suffer, working children to support families, overcrowding, lack of housing, water and food shortages
- Economic- not enough jobs, increase in unemployment, poverty increase,
- Political- youthful population leads to focus on education , no focus on pensions, policies to bring younger generation under control
- Impact of agricultural change on growth:
- With industrialization, less children were needed to work manually on farms in urban areas
- Impact of urbanizastion on growth:
- More access to medical care across the country leads to less infant mortality and spread of disease
- Impact of the emancipation of women on growth:
- High status and equality for women leads to more career paths taken, having children later and education about contraception
- Impact of education on growth:
- Family planning and hygiene education can encourage smaller families
- Urbanisation
- During the Industrial and Agricultural Revolution of the 18th-19th century
- Machinery replaces farm labour and jobs were created in new factories
- The late 20th century left inner cities run-down
- People are now re-attracted to the redeveloped areas
- Positives:
- Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
- Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
- New businesses may be set up
- Farmers can diversify their business to get extra income
- Creates jobs and brings money to the local economy
- Negatives:
- Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
- Traffic congestion
- Decline in traditional jobs
- Tourists owning houses abroad can cause shops to close when out of season
- Decline in traditional jobs
- Traffic congestion
- Large numbers of people can cause footpath erosion and littering
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