Changing Climate - Entire topic - Mindmap in GCSE Geography

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Created on: 15-05-19 14:24

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Changing Climate
- Evidence
  - In Poles
    - Ice Cores
      - layers of snow
        light
        summer
        Thickness show amount of snow
        
        dark
        winter
        Thickness show amount of snow
      - Go to 800,000 years ago
    - Evidence in Snow
      - gases
        amount of oxygen
        
        tell if it was warm or cold
    - Matching Temperatures
      - Compare newer ice to older ice
    - Sea Positions
      - minimum ice
        September
        
        decreasing
        13.3% smaller every 10 years
        Global Warming
      - maximum ice
        February and March
        
        decreasing
        13.3% smaller every 10 years
        Global Warming
  - Globally
    - Data
      - 1880
        Reliable temperature
      - 1659
        Central England Temperature Record
        Monthly average temperatures
    - Using Data
      - Compare time periods
      - 1880-2014
        2014
        warmest average temperature
        
        0.69 degrees
    - Criticizing
      - Not enough stations for accurate data
      - equipment might not always be accurate
      - Placement not right
        top/bottom of hill different results
  - Paintings and Diaries
    - 1309-1814
      - River Thames
        Froze 23 times
      - 5 times
        had a market
      - Little Ice Age
- Impacts
  - Global
    - Food
      - Supplies
        warmer climate
        Crops failing
        wheat and rice
        declining
      - Water
        Lack of freshwater
        sea water salty
        
        Mostly effects dry areas
    - Death
      - Plants and Animals
        Threats in the Arctic
        Polar bears
        Has to swim further to find food
        
        Number of seals declining
        pups get separated from there mothers
        
        cubs die
        
        A quarter of all species will be extinct by 2050
        
        Species Refugees
        Butterflies
      - Disease
        Health
        Increasing infectious diseases
        Mosquito moves
        
        Infected Water
        Because of flooding
        
        Food Supply
        affects plants and crops
        Pests
        
        coffee
    - People
      - Refugees
        people forced to leave homes because of the climate
        
        2050
        100 million people move because of rising sea levels
      - Disappearing Islands
        Maldives
        In the Indian Ocean
        
        tourism main source of money
        
        erosion and flooding
        tourism main source of money
        
        water acidic
        less fish
      - Extreme Weather
        more frequent storms
        Typhoon Haiyan
        
        Heatwaves more common
        2003
        hottest summer for 500 years
        
        London Eye closed for days
        
        20,000 people died
        
        France
        hospitals overflowing
        
        temporary storage for dead
        
        4 million refugees
      - Rising Sea Levels
        Melting Ice Caps
        Artic and Antartica
        more water is added to ocean
        
        Melting Glaciers
        Water that was stored as ice is added to the ocean
        
        Thermal Expansion
        Water Expands
        As Temperature Rises
      - Lake Chad
        Disappearing
        Droughts
        Increases Evaporation
        
        Rainfall reduced
        More water taken for farmers
        
        Many Conflicts
  - UK
    - heat
      - problems
        Death and Illness
        
        Water Shortages
      - benefits
        Tourism
        
        Farming
        Cooking Success
    - Coastal Flooding
      - 2007
        wellest May and June
        
        costs £3.2 billion
        
        Tewkesbury
        rained 14 hours
        
        3 people died
        
        1800 houses cut off
        
        50,000 with no electricity
        
        135,000 were without water for 17 days
        
        Breeding grounds for birdssuffered
      - 30% population in 10 miles of coast
      - higher percentage of elderly
    - Weather
      - Extreme Rainfall
        causes flash floods
        
        sea flooding
        costs £1.3 billion
        
        2080
        £12 billion
- Changing Climate
  - Fluctuating Temperatures
    - warm
      - Inter glacial periods
        10,000 years
        
        Today
        began 11,700 years ago
        
        10% of ice covered
    - cold
      - Glacial Periods
        100,000 years
      - 22,000 years ago
        30% covered in ice
  - Opinions Depends on Time
    - big changes in temperature
    - Medieval
      - Little ice age
  - Recent Changes
    - 1880
      - Biggest effect of human activity
- Causes
  - Natural
    - Milankovitch Cycle
      - Precession (wobble)
        caused by force of gravity
        
        axis makes a circle shape
        over 23,000 years
        
        Change seasons
      - Obliquity (tilt)
        40,000 years
        21.5 to 24.5 degrees
        
        UK
        Summer
        tilted towards sun
        
        winter
        tilted away from sun
        
        less tilt
        weather mild
      - Eccentricity (orbit)
        Today
        Perfect Circle
        
        100,000 years later
        oval
        
        sun closer and further away at different points
        further away during summers
      - effects climate
    - Sun Spots
      - Caused by magnetic Storms
        Increases amount of energy Earth receives from sun
      - 11 year cycle
        Little Ice Age
        Less Sun Spots
        
        Warm Period
        More Sun Spots
    - Volcanic Eruptions
      - Release dust
        Blocks sun
        Cooler
      - 15th June 1991
        Mt Pinatubo erupted
        20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide
        Earths temeprature fell by 1 degree
      - Periods
        Medieval warm period
        Less Volcanic Activity
        
        Little Ice Age
        More Volcanic Activity
  - Human
    - Greenhouse Effect
      - Enhanced
        Humans put more greenhouse gases in atmosphere
        Makes the gas layer thicker
        Traps more suns energy
        Increases Earths temperature
      - Gases
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        Water Vapour
        More of it than any other gas
      - Traps suns radiation
        Increases Earths Temperature
    - Enhanced Gases
      - Carbon Dioxide
        60% enhanced gases
        
        Burning Fossil Fuels
      - Halo carbon
        Man made gas
        very effective with greenhouse effect
      - Methane
        15% of Enhanced Greenhouse Gases
        
        Landfill sites, cow farming
      - Nitrous Oxide
        6% enhanced gases
        
        fertilisers

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Changing Climate - Entire topic

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