Challenges to the Empire(Part 2)
- Created by: lou9119
- Created on: 03-05-18 08:55
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- Challenges to the Empire (part 2)
- Russian Campaign (1812)
- Continental blockade was a factor in the breakdown in relations between France and Russia. Tsar Alexander I withdrew in 1810.
- Other factors:
- NB's Austrian marriage.
- Rival ambitions to seize turkish territory (Istanbul and the Balkans)
- Rival ambitions in the Baltic (NB annexed the Duchy and Tsar annexed Swedish Finland)
- Disagreements over the future of the Grand Duchy of Poland
- Other factors:
- NB assembled an army of 600,000 men, less than half were French (Austrians, Danes, Germans, Italians, Lithuanians, Prussians, Poles, Portuguese, Spanish and Swiss.)
- June, NB invades Russia. Despite victory at Borodino (Sep) the occupation at Moscow failed, Tsar refused to sue for peace and NB was forced to retreat due to army deaths.
- Reason for failure:
- Russians refused to fight the formal battle.
- Russians adopted a scorched-earth policy.
- Russian skirmishes constantly attacked, damaged morale.
- Russian army was larger.
- NB lacked clear strategic objective.
- NB could not control every detail; couldn't work with such a large army.
- Poor supply and medicine meant that thousands died or incapacitated.
- Stayed in Moscow for over a month before deciding to retreat.
- Poor planning meant his men couldn't handle Russian winter.
- When the grande armee reached GR it was reduced to 120,000, NB left to return to FR to restore his position.
- Reason for failure:
- Continental blockade was a factor in the breakdown in relations between France and Russia. Tsar Alexander I withdrew in 1810.
- War of 6th Coalition (1813-14)
- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.
- 1) Common aim to liberate GR. 2) Included all four major EU powers. 3) Members reformed their armies and tactics. 4) FR in decline. 5) Adopted a unified military strategy.
- Fighting ended in 1813 at the Battle of Leipzig/ Battle of the Nations.
- NB outnumbered and forced out of GR. Four major powers agreed on the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Agreement not to make a separate peace but to continue fighting until NB was defeated,
- Russian Campaign (1812)
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