Cells
- Created by: BF
- Created on: 16-03-14 20:06
View mindmap
- Cells
- Organelles and Division Of Labour
- Ribosome
- Attached to RER
- Synthesises Proteins
- Mitochondria
- Releases ATP energy
- Nucleus
- Contains genetic material
- Chloroplasts
- Site of photosynthesis
- Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies and packages proteins
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Transports proteins which were made on attached ribosomes
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulm
- Produces lipids
- Nucleolus
- Makes RNA and ribosomes
- Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Centrioles
- Cell division- form spindle fibres
- Ribosome
- Biological Membranes and The Fluid Mosaic Model
- Role
- Separating cell contents from the outside environment
- Separating cell components from cytoplasm
- Cell recognition and signalling
- Holding the components of some metabolic pathways in place
- Regulating the transport of materials into or out of cells
- Structure
- Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
- Phospholipid molecules/ Proteins with a carbohydrate attached
- Cell Signalling in the immune system
- Cholesterol
- Gives mechanical stability- improves barrier
- Carrier Proteins
- Actively move substances across the membrane- e.g. active transport in root hair cells
- Receptor Sites
- Allow hormones to bind with the cell so that cell 'response' can be carried out
- Enzymes and coenzymes
- Metabolic processes- respiration and photosynthesis
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Forms the basic structure
- Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
- Channel Proteins
- Movement of some substances across the membrane (Ions that are too large or too hydrophilic)
- Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
- Role
- Cell Specialisation
- Sperm Cell
- Root Hair Cell
- Erythrocytes and Neutrophils
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Production Of Proteins
- 1) mRNA copy of the DNA intructions (gene) for protein is made in the nucleus
- 2) mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
- 3) mRNA attaches to a ribosome (on the RER) The ribosome reads the instructions to assemble the protein
- 4) Protein molecules are pinched off in vesicles and travel to Golgi.
- 5) Vesicles fuses with Golgi
- 6) Golgi processes (by adding sugars) and packages the protein ready for release
- 7) Packaged protein is pinched off in a vesicle and moves towards cell surface membrane
- 8) Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane which opens to release the protein outside the cell
- Microscopes
- Magnification
- The degree to which the image size is larger than the object itself
- Magnification= Image size / Actual size
- Resolution
- The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects
- Light Microscopes
- Advantages
- Capable of a magnification of up to x1500
- Cheap to buy and quick to prepare specimens
- Disadvantages
- Advantages
- Electron Microscopes
- Disadvantages
- Samples have to be placed in a vacuum
- Expensive
- Preparing samples is extremely difficult
- Advantages
- Resolution of 0.20nm- much more detail
- Can see organelles inside cells
- Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
- 3D images
- Magnification x100 000
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- 2D images
- Magnification x500 000
- Disadvantages
- Magnification
- Differences Between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
- Nucleus, Membrane Bound Organelles, Nuclear envelope, undulipodia, have mitochondria
- Prokaryotes
- Haae no nucleus, no membrane bouund organelles, smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes, carry out respiration on cell surface membranes not mitochondria
- Eukaryotes
- Cell Division
- Meiosis
- 4 daughter cells- haploid cells- gametes
- The Cell Cycle
- 1) Interphase
- 1) Growth- Biosynthesis- proteins made, organelles replicated
- 2) Synthesis of new DNA- replication of chromosomes
- 30 Growth- cell becomes bigger
- 2) Mitosis
- 3) Cytokinesis
- Cytoplasm divides
- 1) Interphase
- Meiosis
- Organelles and Division Of Labour
Comments
No comments have yet been made