B2 Keeping Healthy Summary
- Created by: Farhana
- Created on: 09-12-12 08:26
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- Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Antibodies
- Recognise Antigens
- Antigens - protein molecules on MO cell
- 1. Mark MO, so other WBCs engulf/digest it
- 2. Bind to and neutralise viruses/toxins
- 3. Some attach to bacteria, killing directly
- Recognise Antigens
- Immune system’s role - deal with any pathogens that enter body. Immune responses always involve WBCs.
- Antibodies
- Microorganism cells
- Pathogens(cause disease): Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa
- Cause infectious diseases
- Symptoms caused by Cell Damage or Toxins
- Bacteria reproduce in warm, moist, nutrientional areas = lots of places in body
- Antimicrobials can kill/inhibit growth of pathogens
- Antibiotics = antimicrobials. Kill ONLY bacteria, no flus/ cold = viruses
- MOs can develop randon mutations in DNA
- Changes characteristics,e.g. less affected/resistant to a antimicrobial
- If stop antibiotic prescribed, can increase risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria
- 1. New drugs first tested in labs on human cells
- 2. If OK, tested on live mammals
- 3. If OK and effective, tested on healthy humans for safety
- 4. If good, tested on sufferers
- 3 human trials given:, Placebo, Blind + Double blind
- Human drug trials for a long time because of time for effect + if side effects later
- 1. New drugs first tested in labs on human cells
- 2. If OK, tested on live mammals
- 3. If OK and effective, tested on healthy humans for safety
- 4. If good, tested on sufferers
- 3 human trials given:, Placebo, Blind + Double blind
- Human drug trials for a long time because of time for effect + if side effects later
- 3 human trials given:, Placebo, Blind + Double blind
- 4. If good, tested on sufferers
- 3. If OK and effective, tested on healthy humans for safety
- 2. If OK, tested on live mammals
- 3 human trials given:, Placebo, Blind + Double blind
- 4. If good, tested on sufferers
- 3. If OK and effective, tested on healthy humans for safety
- 2. If OK, tested on live mammals
- 1. New drugs first tested in labs on human cells
- If stop antibiotic prescribed, can increase risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria
- Changes characteristics,e.g. less affected/resistant to a antimicrobial
- Cause infectious diseases
- MOs reproduce = infection
- Pathogens(cause disease): Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa
- Capillaries- 1 cell thick (branches of arteries)
- Blood to every cell to exchange subs., diffuse subs. permeable walls.
- Arteries- blood Away from heart to body, O2+ nutrients to cells
- Heart- double pump, keeps blood flowing through vessels
- Capillaries- 1 cell thick (branches of arteries)
- Blood to every cell to exchange subs., diffuse subs. permeable walls.
- Arteries- blood Away from heart to body, O2+ nutrients to cells
- Heart- double pump, keeps blood flowing through vessels
- Veins - blood back to heart, CO2 away
- Valves, 1D. Walls not thick comes at low pressure.Big lumens- easy blood flow
- Heart diseases
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- E.g. Poor diet, Smoking, Stress, Misuse of illegal drugs, Excessive alcohol drinking
- Alcohol suppresses ADH production, kidneys reabsorb less water
- ADH hormone
- Released in blood stream by pituitary gland
- Controls concentration of urine
- Larger amount of more dilute urine, dehydration
- ADH hormone
- Ecstasy increases ADH production, kidneys reasorb more water
- Smaller amount of more concentrated urine
- Alcohol suppresses ADH production, kidneys reabsorb less water
- E.g. Poor diet, Smoking, Stress, Misuse of illegal drugs, Excessive alcohol drinking
- High blood pressure increase risk
- Can damage arteries, fat builds, blocks blood = heart attack, damages heart
- Low blood pressure, heart relaxes + fills w/ blood
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- Veins - blood back to heart, CO2 away
- Walls strong + elastic- comes out of heart high pressure
- Heart- double pump, keeps blood flowing through vessels
- Veins - blood back to heart, CO2 away
- Valves, 1D. Walls not thick comes at low pressure.Big lumens- easy blood flow
- Heart diseases
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- E.g. Poor diet, Smoking, Stress, Misuse of illegal drugs, Excessive alcohol drinking
- Alcohol suppresses ADH production, kidneys reabsorb less water
- ADH hormone
- Released in blood stream by pituitary gland
- Controls concentration of urine
- Larger amount of more dilute urine, dehydration
- ADH hormone
- Ecstasy increases ADH production, kidneys reasorb more water
- Smaller amount of more concentrated urine
- Alcohol suppresses ADH production, kidneys reabsorb less water
- E.g. Poor diet, Smoking, Stress, Misuse of illegal drugs, Excessive alcohol drinking
- High blood pressure increase risk
- Can damage arteries, fat builds, blocks blood = heart attack, damages heart
- Low blood pressure, heart relaxes + fills w/ blood
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- Capillaries- 1 cell thick (branches of arteries)
- Walls strong + elastic- comes out of heart high pressure
- Heart- double pump, keeps blood flowing through vessels
- Tissues
- Organs
- Kidneys
- Help balance subs. in body +help regulate water content
- Balance water levels by producing dilute/concentrated urine
- Homeostasis- maintaining a constant internal environment (balance inputs/outputs)
- Automatic control systems help homeostasis. 3 main compo. : Receptors, Processing centre, Effector
- Balance water levels by producing dilute/concentrated urine
- Help balance subs. in body +help regulate water content
- Kidneys
- Organs
- White Blood Cells
- Contains
- WBCs able to detect
things ‘foreign’ to the body. WBCs then engulf the
microbes + digest them - non-specific
- White Blood Cells
- Antibodies
- Recognise Antigens
- Antigens - protein molecules on MO cell
- 1. Mark MO, so other WBCs engulf/digest it
- 2. Bind to and neutralise viruses/toxins
- 3. Some attach to bacteria, killing directly
- Recognise Antigens
- Immune system’s role - deal with any pathogens that enter body. Immune responses always involve WBCs.
- Antibodies
- White Blood Cells
- Heart contracts
- 3 major blood vessels:
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