Cells and the Immune System
- Created by: Eshe Jones
- Created on: 16-05-19 12:09
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- Cells and the immune system
- Antigens
- molecules that generate an immune response
- found on the surface of cells
- allows the immune system to recognise non-self/foreign materials
- pathogens
- organisms that cause disease
- bacteria
- virus
- fungi
- abnormal body cells
- cancerous
- pathogen infected
- toxins
- poisons
- produced by bacteria
- cells from individuals of the same species
- organ transplant
- blood transfusion
- pathogens
- The Immune Response
- Phagocytosis
- macrophage recognises foreign antigen
- macrophage is type of phagocte
- type of white blood cell
- macrophage is type of phagocte
- cytoplasm moves round the pathogen to engulf it
- contained in a phagocytic vacuole
- lysosome fuses with vacuole and releases lysozymes
- hydrolytic enzymes
- pathogen broken down
- becomes an antigen presenting cell by presenting antigens on it surface
- activates T-cells
- white blood cell
- receptor proteins on surface to bind to complementary antigens presented by phagocytes
- helper T-Cells
- releases chemical signals that activate cytotoxic T-Cells
- activate B-Cells
- white blood cell
- produced in the Thymus
- mature in the bone marrow
- bind to antigens to form antigen-antibody complex
- specific antibodies
- clonal expansion
- division
- plasma cells
- secrete monoclonal antibodies
- memory cells
- humoral response
- produced in the Thymus
- cellular response
- activates T-cells
- macrophage recognises foreign antigen
- Primary response
- slow as their aren't many B-cells that make complementary antibodies to bind to it
- shows symptoms
- Secondary response
- memory cells
- T-cells
- remember specific antigen and recognise it after on secondary infection
- activated and divide to the correct type of T-Cell
- B-Cells
- remember specific antibodies
- can be made much quicker
- 2,000 antibodies per second
- remember specific antibodies
- T-cells
- quicker clonal selection
- memory cells
- immunity
- Active immunity
- Natural
- memory cells
- immune after catching a disease
- Artificial
- vaccination
- creates herd immunity
- ethical issues
- tested on animals
- risky
- vaccination
- requires exposure to antigen
- takes longer
- produces memory cells
- long term protection
- Natural
- Passive Immunity
- Natural
- baby recieves antibodies from mother
- breast milk
- placenta
- baby recieves antibodies from mother
- Artificial
- injected with antibodies
- doesn't require exposure to antigen
- immediate protection
- doesn't produce memory cells
- short-term protection
- Natural
- Active immunity
- Antigentic Variation
- surface antigen chnages
- secondary response no longer works
- vaccines cannot be made for some pathogens
- HIV
- Influenza
- surface antigen chnages
- Phagocytosis
- antibodies
- produce B-cells
- two binding sites
- allows agglutination
- clumping pathogens together to allow easier engulfment
- allows agglutination
- heavy chain
- light chain
- variable region
- specific due to tertiary structure
- constant region
- the same for all antibodies
- monoclonal antibodies in medicine
- pregnancy tests
- antibodies complementary to hCG
- coloured beads
- anti-cancer drugs
- anti-cancer drugs can be attached to antibodies which are specific to the antigens on cancer cells
- drug only accumulates where the cancer cells are
- does not effect healthy cells
- ELISA test
- direct elisa
- uses a single antibody complementary to the antigen being tested for
- antigens fro patient sample bound to the inside of a well plate
- detection antibody with attached enzyme is added
- antibody will be immobilised
- wash well out
- substrate solution added
- colour chanage if positive result
- indirect elisa
- antigens bound to bottom of well plate
- patients sample added, specific antibodies will bind to antigen if present
- wash well out
- secondary antibodies added with specific enzyme attached
- no primary antibodies, secondary antibodies will not bind
- wash again
- solution added
- colour change if positive result
- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- used for medical diagnosis
- HIV
- allergies
- uses enzymes
- direct elisa
- pregnancy tests
- HIV
- human immunodefienc virus
- affects immune system
- people become vulnerable to other infections
- kills helper t-cells
- host cell for HIV
- can no longer stimulate phagocytes, cytotoxic T-cells nor B-cells
- initial infection rapid replication occurs
- flu-like symptoms
- latency period
- no symptoms will be experienced
- HIV becomes AIDs
- structure
- attachment proteins
- capsid
- RNA
- envelope
- reverse transcriptase
- replication
- attachment protein s attach to receptor molecules of helper T-cell
- capsid is released into cell
- uncoats
- releases RNA
- reverse transcriptase makes complementary DNA strand from viral RNA temlate
- double stranded DNA is inserted into human DNA
- host cell enzymes make viral proteins from viral DNA in the human DNA
- viral proteins assemble new viruses which bud off to infect other cells
- no cure or vaccine
- antiviral drugs can slow progression
- STD
- antibiotics
- kill bacteria by interfering with metabolic reactions
- target bacterial enzymes and ribosomes
- cannot target viruses as they don't have their own enzymes or ribosomes, they use host cells
- antiviral drugs target the very few virus-specific enzymes that exist
- Antigens
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