Cell Structure and Cell Division
- Created by: Eshe Jones
- Created on: 15-05-19 12:11
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- Cell Structure and Division
- Eukaryotes
- complex
- Animal
- plant
- cell wall
- vacuole
- chloroplast
- site of photosynthesis
- Algal
- carry out photosynthesis
- similar to plant cells
- organelles tend to be different shapes/sizes to those in plants
- e.g. large chloroplast
- organelles tend to be different shapes/sizes to those in plants
- fungal cells
- similar to plant cells
- cell wall made of chitin
- no chloroplast
- Prokaryotes
- single celled organisms
- small
- flagellum
- rotates for movement
- cell wall
- murein
- glycoprotein
- murein
- capsules made of secreted slime
- protects from immune system
- plasmids
- small loops of DNA
- genes for antibiotic resistance
- prokaryotic cell divsion
- binary fission
- 1. circular DNA (once) and plasmids replicate (many times)
- 2. move to oppoiste poles
- 3. cytoplasm divides
- 4. 2 daughter cells created
- Organelles
- cell surface membrane
- made of lipids and proteins
- regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
- Nucleus
- nuclear envelope
- double membrane
- nuclear pores
- allow substances to move between nucleolus and cytoplasm
- nucleolus
- makes ribosomes
- chromatin
- contains chromosome
- controls cells activities
- e.g. transcription
- nuclear envelope
- mitochondrion
- oval shaped
- double membrane
- inner membrane folded to form cristae
- matrix
- contains enzymes for respiration
- site of aerobic respiration
- produces ATP
- chloroplast
- small, flattened structure
- double membrane
- stacked membranes called thylakoids which form grana
- grana and linked by lamellae
- photosynthesis
- Golgi Apparatus
- fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs
- process and package proteins
- makes lysosomes
- Golgi vesicle
- stores lipids and proteins made by golgi apparatus
- small fluid filled sac in the cyroplasm
- surrounded by a membrane
- produced by golgi appparatus
- lysosome
- type of golgi vesicle
- digestive enyme
- ribosome
- made of proteins and RNA
- free floating or attached to RER
- makes proteins
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- membranes enclosing fluid filled space
- surface covered with ribosomes
- folds and processes proteins made in ribosomes
- smooth enddoplasmic reticulum
- no ribosomes
- synthesises and processes lipids
- cell wall
- supports cell and prevents it from changing shape
- vaculole
- membrane bound organelle filled with cell sap
- sap - weak solution of sugar and salts
- membrane - tonoplast
- helps maintain presuure inside the cell and keep cell rigid
- stops wilting
- isolates unwanted chemicals
- membrane bound organelle filled with cell sap
- cell surface membrane
- cells are adapted for their specific functions
- lots of mitochondira
- uses lots of energy
- lots of ribosomes
- makes lots of proteins
- microvilli
- increases surface area
- increases absorption rate
- red blood cells
- have no nucleus to make more room for oxygen
- lots of mitochondira
- virusus
- acellular
- nucleic acid surrounded by porotein
- invade and reproduce inside host cells
- protein coat called a capsid
- attachment proteins
- allow virus to cling onto suitable host cell
- viral replication
- 1. attach to host via receptor cells
- 2. genetic material released into host cell
- 3. genetic material replicated by host cell
- 4. viral components assemble
- 5. replicated viruses released from host cell
- microscopes
- magnification=image size/ actual size
- resolution - the distance between 2 objects before they become 1
- light microscope
- preparing microscope slides
- drop of water on slide
- tweezers to place thin section of specimen onto water
- drop of stain
- cover slip
- preparing microscope slides
- electron microscope
- better resolution because electrons have shorter wavelengths
- T(ransmission)EM
- nonliving specimens
- S(canning)EM
- nonliving specimens
- can use thick specimens
- cell fractionation
- 1.homogenisation
- breaks up cell membrane
- must be ice cold to reduce enzyme activity
- must use a pH buffer
- must be isotonic
- 2. filtration
- remove large debris
- 3. ultracentrifugation
- spin at high speeds
- heaviest organelles form pellets
- supernatent drained and repeat
- 1.homogenisation
- Mitosis
- interphase
- normal functions carried out
- preparation to divide
- double genetic content
- synthesis
- organelles replicated
- G1
- ATP content increased
- proteins needed for division created
- G2
- prophase
- chromosomes condense
- centrioles move to opposite ends forming spindles
- nuclear envelope beaks down
- 2 genetically identical daughter
- Metaphase
- chromosomes line up the middle of the cell and attach to spindle
- Anaphase
- centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids
- chromatids pulled to opposite poles
- Telophase
- chromatids uncoil
- nuclear envelope forms
- cytokenesis
- cytoplasm divides
- 2 daughter cells are produced
- cytoplasm divides
- chromosomes are made of 2 strands
- interphase
- cancer
- mutations in genes which control mitosis
- uncontrolled division
- treatments
- disrupt cell cycle
- target rapidly dividng cells
- cells form a tumour which invades surrounding tissue to form a cancer
- Eukaryotes
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