Erosional Landforms

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  • Caves, arches, stacks and stumps. (wave-cut platforms and wave-cut notches).
    • Cave
      • A cave is formed when a fault or fracture in the side of a cliff becomes exploited by hydraulic action, where air in the fissure becomes compressed by the force of the wave. pressure forces the crack open, and this continues to happen until the fissure gets so large, it forms a cave.
    • Arch
      • An arch is formed when a cave already in place (on a headland) is further eroded.
    • wave cut notch
      • A wave cut notch is formed at the base of a cliff, where it is exposed to high levels of hydraulic action, and processes such as abrasion and corrosion.
        • the wave cut notch continues to retreat, until the overhanging rock becomes unstable and eventually collapses as a rockfall.
          • Wave cut platform- the end result of continuous rockfall due to hydraulic action.
    • Stack
      • A stack forms when the top of the arch is eroded via weathering and erosion. it eventually collapses.
    • Stump
      • A stump is formed when the stump is slowly eroded and continues to become weaker on the base. Eventually, it collapses when the base is too weak to hold the top, heavier mass of rock.
    • Erosion mostly happens when waves are at their largest (mostly during storms) influenced by wind speed and fetch, giving it a lot of energy. when there is heavy rainfall, surface runoff and percolation of water through permeable rock weakens the cliff surface. Debris at the cliff foot has also had time to be taken away, as debris protects the cliff.
    • Geo- the location of a fault line allows a geo to form.
    • Blow holes can also be formed in caves, where weaknesses within the cave are eroded up by hydraulic action.
    • The old man of Hoy, Orkney. (red sandstone)
    • Old Harry, Dorset. (chalk)

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