Water on the Land Case Studies Mind Map

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  • Case Studies for Water on the Land
    • Cumbria 2009 Flood
      • CAUSES
        • already saturated ground so the additional rain flowed as surface run off straight into rivers
          • The steep slopes of the Cumbrian Mountains helped the water to run very rapidly into the river
      • EFFECTS
        • Over 1,300 homes were flooded and contaminted with sewage
          • Four bridges collapsed and 12 were closed because of flood damage.
            • One man died- P.C. Bill Barker
              • Insurance companies estimated that the final cost of the floor could reach £100 million
      • RESPONSES
        • The Cumbria Flood Recovery Fund was set up to help victims. It reached £1 million after just 10 days
          • The government provided £1 million to help with clean up and agreed to pay for road&bridge repairs in Cumbria
      • FUTURE MANAGEMENT STRATERGIES
        • £4.4 million management scheme
    • Pakistan 2010 Flood
      • EFFECTS
        • At least 1,600 people died
          • Whole villages were swept away and over 70,000 homes were destroyed
            • 5000 miles of roads and railways were washed away along with 1,000 bridges
              • Hundreds of thousands of Pakistanis were displaced and many suffered from malnutrition and a lack of clean water
      • CAUSES
        • At the end of July unusually heavy monsoon rains in northwest Pakistan caused rivers to flood and burst their banks
          • Monsoon rains were forecast to continue into early August and were described as the worst in the area in the last 80 years.
      • RESPONSES
        • Foreign Governments donated millions of dollars and SaudI Arabia&the USA promised $600 million in flood aid. But many people felt that the richer governments didn't do enough to help
          • Many charities and aid agencies tried to help, including the Red Crescent and Medecins Sans Frontieres
      • FUTURE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
        • Re build schools on higher ground
          • Plant trees along river banks
            • Plant flood resistant crops and build shelters for livestock
              • Teach people how to swim, cross rivers safely and teach children first aid
    • Water Transfer Scheme, Lake Vyrnwy Wales
      • ECONOMIC EFFECTS
        • The construction of this reservoir has created many jobs and income as a result of:
      • SOCIAL EFFECTS
        • 2 chaoels, 3 inns, 10 farmhouses, and 37 houses were lost under the resevoir when the damn was constructed
      • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
        • The surrounding area has been designated as a National Nature Reserve, a Site of Specific Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area and a Area of Conservation
          • This has encouraged many species to build the habitat in this location making it a very rare and biodiverse hotspot
    • Water stress in the UK
      • Why has water demand increased in the UK?
        • A more affluent (financially better off) llifestyle increases the demand for water e.g. dishwashers (use more water then hand washing), Jacuzzis, spas ect.
          • Increased number of households and population in certain areas
            • The demand for foodstuffs e.g. salads, fruit and vegetables out of season, which need to be washed and cooked i.e. increasing the use of water
      • Problem/ general context
        • Water stress which is when the amount of water does not meet that required
          • This is the case in the North West of England where water supply exceeds demand and in the South East where demand exceeds supply
        • Environmental Causes: heavy annual rainfall, less evaporation (in the Summer)
        • Human causes: more resevoirs, fewer larger cities and less demand for farming
      • Traditional solutions to the problem of areas with water deficit
        • Transferring the collected water by pipeline to the main areas of water deficit, i.e. the major cities of the Midlands and South
        • Constructing reservoirs in the north and west of the country to collect as much rainfall as possible. Famous reservoir schemes include Lake Vyrnwy in Wales
        • Extracting as much water as possible from the equifers (underground water) of SE England
      • Hard engineering- The three Gorges Dam
        • Negative impacts
          • Over 150 towns and 4500 thousand villlages will be flooded displacing people from their homes
          • The lake which will be created could become very polluted from industrial waste
            • 1.3 million people will be forced to move. Newspaper articles in China have admitted that so far over $30 million of the funds set aside for has been taken by corrupt local officials
            • The river landscape will be forever changed
        • Positive impacts
          • Create thousands of jobs
            • Protect precious formland from flooding
          • Provide 10% of China's electricity through HEP
            • Increase tourism along the river
  • New embankments raise the channel height to reduce liklihood of extra floods
    • River dredged more regularly to deepen the channel
    • £4.4 million management scheme
  • Plant trees along river banks
    • Plant flood resistant crops and build shelters for livestock
      • Teach people how to swim, cross rivers safely and teach children first aid

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