ATTACHMENT - Caregiver-infant interactions in humans
- Created by: EmilyEther
- Created on: 22-11-18 12:28
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- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans
- 5 main interactions
- Body Contact
- physical interactions between career and infant help to form attachment bond, especially after birth
- Klaus and Kennel (1976) - increased body contact resulted in stronger bond
- Durkin (1995) - results due to increased attention from poor / single mothers than increased body contact
- Mimicking
- innate ability to imitate caregiver's facial expressions
- innate = suggest biological device to aid attachment formation
- Melzoff and Moore (1977) - 2/3 week old babies mimicked adults facial expressions. Innate ability
- Caregiverese
- adults use high-pitched (song-like in nature), slow and repetitive voices
- aids communication which serves to strengthen bond
- Papousek (1991) - caregiverese is cross cultural. Used in America, China and Germany
- used by all adults, not just those who have an attachment with baby
- Interactional Synchrony
- infants will move their bodies in tune with rhythm of carers' spoken language
- turn-taking, two-way vocal convo
- not found in all cultures - not vital to attachment forming?
- Reciprocity
- interactions between infant and carer result in mutual behaviour
- both parties can produce a response from one another
- Body Contact
- Social Releases
- innate physical features of a child that makes us want to interact with them
- big eyes compared to head size
- softness (chubby cheeks)
- round face, small nose, hands and feet
- BEHAVIOURISM: funny noises, quick and flaying movements
- child characters in cartoons have soc.rels for child to develop attachment with them. Evil characters are opposite to tell child not to create bond
- features make us want to create bond with child
- parental features: warm body, soft breast and face - attracts baby to parent
- innate physical features of a child that makes us want to interact with them
- Multiple Attachments
- def: the formation of emotional bonds with many carers
- Bowlby believed children had one main prime attachment figure that was more important than others
- Rutter (1995) - claimed all attachment were as important as each other
- Geiger (1996) - diff attachs formed to diff people for diff reasons. Eg. mother for love and care, father for play
- Role of the Father
- common view: not as important as mother's role
- is important but for diff things: play, excitement, adventure etc
- 4 factors
- Degree of Sensitivity
- how sensitive they are to child's needs
- arguably, mothers have more sensitive responsiveness - recognising and responding to infant's needs
- diff men have diff sensitive responsiveness levels - males can quickly assume this role in place of main caregiver
- Hrdy (1999) - fathers found it harder than mothers to detect low levels of distress
- Type of attachment with own parents
- recreation of attachment that the father had with his own parents onto his child
- Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) - single-parent father' attachs with own children aged 4-6 was similar to their own rel with parents
- Marital Intimacy
- amount of intimacy father has with his partner. Effects attach they have with child
- Bernier (2009) - high levels of m.i = secure father-infant attachs, low m.i = insecure father-infant attachs
- Supportive co-parenting
- amount of support father gives to partner to help care for children
- Degree of Sensitivity
- Evaluation
- children with secure attachs to fathers have better rels with peers, less problem behaviours & better at regulating emotions. Illustrates positive influence fathers have on development of child
- child without fathers: less well at school, high levels of risk taking and aggression (especially in boys). Suggests father can prevent negative outcomes
- supportive fathers provide mothers with needed time away from childcare. Reduces stress and improves self-esteem of mums and quality of mum's rel with children
- when fathers spend more time with children, children develop more secure attachs - more interaction = stronger bond
- common view: not as important as mother's role
- Anxieties
- Separation Anxiety
- infants become nervous when separated from caregiver(s)
- Stranger Anxiety
- infants become nervous when around anyone that they do not know, regardless if the main caregiver is there or not.
- if they are there: less anxiety, but feel safe. If they aren't there: lots of anxiety, screaming, crying, etc.
- infants become nervous when around anyone that they do not know, regardless if the main caregiver is there or not.
- Separation Anxiety
- 5 main interactions
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