Biology 2.2.3-5 Carbohydrates

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  • Created by: AabirA
  • Created on: 03-04-17 15:30
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  • Carbohydrates
    • Structural units
      • Cellulose
        • Tough, insoluble
          • Permeable
            • Space between macrofibrils
        • Straight chains
          • Every other monomer inverted
          • 1-4 glycosidic bond
        • B-glucose
        • Hydrogen bonds
          • High tensile strength
            • 1-4 glycosidic bond
          • Stop spiralling
          • Within the chain and between chains
        • 60-70 chains make microfibrils
          • 400 microfibrils make macrofibrils
            • Embedded in pectins like glue
            • Criss-cross the wall for extra strength
        • Function
          • Rigid to act as skeleton
          • Prevents bursting when turgid
          • Can be made waterproof
            • Cutin, suberin, lignin
          • Human use
            • Cotton is 90% cellulose
            • Cellophane, celluloid
            • Paper
            • Rayon
      • Bacterial cell walls
        • Peptidoglycan
      • Exoskeletons
        • Chitin
    • Energy stores
      • Poly-saccharides
        • Homopoly-saccharides
          • One type of monomer
        • Heteropoly-saccharides
          • More than one type of monomer
      • Glucose poly-saccharide
        • Plants
          • Starch
            • Amylose
              • a-glucose
              • Bonds carbon 1 and 4
                • Glycosidic
              • Spiral shape
            • Amylopectin
              • Bonds carbon 1 and 4
                • Also carbon 1 and 6
              • Spiral
              • Branched
        • Animals
          • Glycogen
            • Like amylopectin
              • 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
            • Smaller 1-4 chains
              • Less coiled
            • Branched
      • Compact
        • Branched are more compact
          • Branched chains allow more 'snipping'
      • Chains so glucose can be easily 'snipped off'
        • Hydrolysis
        • Branched chains allow more 'snipping'
      • Less soluble in water
        • Won't effect water potential
    • Contain
      • Carbon
      • Hydrogen
      • Oxygen
    • Sugar
      • Mono-saccharides
        • Simplest carbohydrates
        • Energy source
          • Large number of C-H bonds
        • Soluble in water
        • Backbone
          • Single bonded Carbon atoms
          • Double bonded oxygen
            • Carbonyl group
        • Monomers
          • Disaccharides
          • Poly-saccharides
        • Glucose
          • Hexose
          • Isomers
            • Alpha and beta
              • -OH position
      • Di-saccharides
        • Maltose
          • a-glucose +  a-glucose
          • Reducing
            • Lactose
              • B-galactose +  a-glucose
        • Sucrose
          • a-glucose + fructose
          • Non-reducing
        • Lactose
          • B-galactose +  a-glucose
        • Cellobiose
          • B-glucose +  B-glucose
          • Cellulose
        • Glycosidic bond

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