carbohydrates
- Created by: kierasanghera
- Created on: 21-05-16 17:31
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- carbohydrates
- monomers and polymers
- monomers are many small molecules: small basic molecular unit
- polymers are one large molecule: large complex chain of molecules made from multiple monomers
- monosaccharides (simple sugar units)
- eg glucose - hexose sugar made of 6 carbon atoms
- forms a stable ring structure
- 6 sided structure known as the pyranose ring
- used in respiration as an energy source
- forms a stable ring structure
- other monosccharides include:ribose and deoxyribose (pentose sugers) and galactose and fructose (hexose sugars)
- properties: contain between 3 and 6 carbons, are sweet tasting and can form crystals
- eg glucose - hexose sugar made of 6 carbon atoms
- disaccharides
- fomrmed from two monosaccharides and joined via glycosidic bonds
- eg glucose + glucose is maltose, glucose + galalactose is lactose and glucose + fructose is sucrose
- fomrmed from two monosaccharides and joined via glycosidic bonds
- polysaccharides
- may be 1000's of monosaccharides joined together. these are not sugars
- storage polysaccharides
- not very soluble in water
- inactive
- compact
- stratch
- amylose
- long straight chains
- unbranching polymer with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- slight angle means spiral so is more compact
- 2000-5000 monosaccharides
- slight angle means spiral so is more compact
- unbranching polymer with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- long straight chains
- amylopectin
- branched molecule
- branches polymer with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
- branched molecule
- can be broken down into glucose and used for repipiration
- amylose
- glycogen
- similar to amylopectin but more frequently branched
- insoluble compact store of glucose in animals
- a glucose units, with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic links
- structural polysaccharides
- cellulose
- arranged in a specific way to form plant cell walls
- many hydrogen bonds form as there are so many OH groups
- 60-70 cellulose molecules become cross linked with hydrogen bonds to form micro fibril bundles
- polymer of beta glucose with each monomer inverted
- cellulose
- condensation and hyrolysis
- condensation method which joins small molecules together to form large ones, with the loss of a water molecule and a new covalent bond formed
- hydrolysis:splits larger molecules up into smaller ones with a water molecule used and covalent bonds broken
- condensation method which joins small molecules together to form large ones, with the loss of a water molecule and a new covalent bond formed
- made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
- isomers
- same molecular formula but in a different arrangment teg alpha and beta glucose
- in beta glucose the OH is on top on the right side
- same molecular formula but in a different arrangment teg alpha and beta glucose
- monomers and polymers
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