Carbohydrates
- Created by: EmilyStudley
- Created on: 16-09-15 17:43
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- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- 3 Carbon atoms - TRIOSE SUGARS e.g glyceraldehyde
- C3H6O3
- function: found as intermediates in photosynthesis and respiration
- made during the build up of glucose during photosynthesis + the breakdown of glucose during respiration
- monomers which make up the larger carbohydrates
- 5 carbon atoms - PENTOSE SUGARS
- RIBOSE
- DEOXYRIBOSE (1 oxygen has been taken out)
- Function: forms part of nucleic acids (DNA + RNA molecules) + makes ATP (molecules that provide energy) during respiration
- C5H10O5
- 6 carbon atoms - HEXOSE SUGARS e.g glucose, fructose, galactose
- can be a straight chain or a ring shaped molecule
- Glucose has 2 isomers - alpha glucose + beta glucose
- C6H12O6
- 3 Carbon atoms - TRIOSE SUGARS e.g glyceraldehyde
- Disaccharides
- Formed by joining 2 hexose sugars = condensation reaction (involves removal of water).
- Disaccharides are broken down into component monosaccharides by HYDROLISIS reactions (adding a water molecule)
- New bond is formed = glycosidic bond
- Glycosidic bond because the bond is formed between C1 and C4
- New bond is formed = glycosidic bond
- Disaccharides are broken down into component monosaccharides by HYDROLISIS reactions (adding a water molecule)
- New bond is formed = glycosidic bond
- Glycosidic bond because the bond is formed between C1 and C4
- Formed by joining 2 hexose sugars = condensation reaction (involves removal of water).
- Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Function = storage carbohydrate in PLANTS
- compact + can be stored in a small space
- Made up of alpha glucose + has 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- insoluble (doesn't change the water potential of cells) + forms starch granules inside plant cells
- Not a pure substance = mixture of AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN
- Amylose = chain coils into helix (held by hydrogen bonds). Only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- Amylopectin = branched structure with 1,6 glycosidic bonds where it branches (as well as 14 bonds)
- Easily hydrolised to alpha glucose which is soluble and can be transported to where the energy is needed
- Function = storage carbohydrate in PLANTS
- Glycogen
- Alpha glucose molecules + storage carbohydrate in ANIMALS
- Very branched = compact storage
- Easily hydrolised to alpha glucose which is soluble and can be transported to where the energy is needed
- insoluble (doesn't change the water potential of cells) + forms starch granules inside plant cells
- Alpha glucose molecules + storage carbohydrate in ANIMALS
- Cellulose
- Beta glucose + structural carbohydrates in plant cell walls
- chains linked together, alternate molecules are upside down
- Allows hydrogen bonds to form between the molecules + other chains = making it stable + strong
- Keeps the molecules straight + cable-like = good at resisting tension Also makes a straight chain
- chains linked together to form microfibrils
- 60 - 70 cellulose molecules become cross-linked
- Chitin
- Beta glucose + structural polyhydrates
- long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (beta glucose)
- main component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of athropods (crustaceans + insects)
- Molecules are rotated 180 degrees + long parallel chains are linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
- Strong + firm = supports body tissues
- glucosamine - glucose in which 1 OH is replaced by a Nitrogen containing group
- Starch
- Monosaccharides
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