C7.4
- Created by: amy_mair
- Created on: 20-06-16 14:07
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- C7.4
- Ethanol
- The making of Ethanol
- 1. Fermentation uses yeast to convert sugars into ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also produced
- Sugar --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
- 2. The yeast cell contains zymase, an enzyme that acts as a catalyst in fermentation
- 3. Fermentation happens fastest at 30 degrees. This is because zymase works best at this temperature. At lower temperatures the reaction slows down
- 4. Zymase also works best at PH 4- a strongly acidic or alkaline solution will stop it from working
- 5. It is important to prevent oxygen getting to the fermentation process. Oxygen converts the ethanol to ethanoic acid, which lowers the PH
- 6. When the concentration of ethanol reaches 10 to 20% the fermentation stops because the yeast gets killed off
- Can it be concentrated by distilled
- 1. The ethanol solution is put in a flask below a fractionating column
- 2. The solution is heated so that the ethanol boils. The ethanol vapour travels up the column, cooling as it goes
- 3. The temperature is such that anything with a higher boiling point than ethanol cools to a liquid and flows back into the solution at the bottom
- 4. This means that only pure ethanol vapour reaches the top of the column
- 5. The ethanol vapour flows through a condencer
- Is fermentation sustainable
- Will the raw materials run out
- Sugar beet and yeast grow back quickly so will not run out
- How good is the atom economy
- The waste CO2 means it has a low atom economy
- What do i do with my waste products
- It can be released
- What are the energy costs
- Energy is needed to keep the reaction at its optimum
- Will the raw materials run out
- The making of Ethanol
- Making Ethanol
- Biomass
- Ethanol is made from biomass
- 1. Waste biomass is the parts of a plant that would normally be thrown away
- 2. Waste biomass can not be fermented in the normal way because it contains a lot of cellulose
- 3. Eco li can be genetically modified to convert cellulose in waste biomass into ethanol
- 4. The optimum conditions is a slightly acidic solution and a temperature of 35 degrees
- Is it sustainable
- The sustainability of the biomass method is very similar to the sustainability of the standerd fermentation method because they both use similar processes
- Reactions
- Fermentation is too slow for making ethanol on a large scale. Instead, ethanol is made on a industrial scale using ethane. This method allows high quality ethanol to be produced continuously and quickly
- 1. Ethane is one of the hydrocarbons found in crude oil
- 2. It is split to form ethane and hydrogen gas
- Ethene will react with steam to make ethanol
- The reaction needs a temperatre of 300 degrees and a pressure of 70. Phosperic acid is used as a catalyst
- Sustainability
- Crude oil and natural gas are non renewable and will run out
- Crackin ethane has a fairly high atom economy as the only waste product is hydrogen
- The only waste is the hydrogen gas produced by cracking ethane
- Energy is needed to maintain a high temperature and pressure used
- This method has no specific impact on society
- Manufacturing ethanol from ethane and steam is continuous
- Biomass
- Esters
- Functional group
- COO
- Esters are another family of organic chemicals
- They are formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
- Esterification reaction
- To start teh reaction you need to add a strong acid catalyst to mix
- Uses
- Many esters have pleasant smells
- They are volatile
- Esters are also used to make flavourings and aromas
- Some esters are used as solvents
- Plasticisers
- How to make an ester
- 1. Refluxing= The reaction
- To make ethyl ethanoate you need to react ethanol with ethanoic acid using a catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid to speed things up
- Heating the mixture also speds up the reaction- but you can not just stick a bunsen burner under it as it will catch fire
- Instead, the mixture genly heated in a flask fitted with a condenser this catches teh vapours and recycles them back into the flask which gives them time to react
- 2.Distilation
- This separates your lovely ester from all the other stuff left in the flask
- The mixture heated below a fractionating column and as it boils it goes up the fractionating column
- 3. Purification
- The liquid collected is poured into a tap funnel and tehated to remove its impurities as follows
- The mixture is shaken with sodium carbonate solution to remove acidic solutions so teh mixture is seperaties into two layers
- The liquid collected is poured into a tap funnel and tehated to remove its impurities as follows
- 4. Drying
- Any remaining water in teh ethyl ethanoate can be removed by shaking it with lumps of anhyrous chloride, whihc absorbs water whihc is called drying
- 1. Refluxing= The reaction
- Fats and oils are esters of glycerol and fatty acids
- Functional group
- Ethanol
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