Chemistry C7 - Green and Organic Chemistry
- Created by: Avani.Shanbhag27
- Created on: 25-03-16 11:48
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- C7 - Green Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
- Chemical synthesis
- Fine chemicals
- e.g. drugs, medicine, perfumes, flavourings and preservatives in food.
- Very small scale production.
- Bulk chemicals
- e.g. Sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid.
- Large scale production. Very big factories.
- Manufacturing
- Very small scale production.
- Manufacturing
- Manufacturing
- Fine chemicals
- Process sustainability
- Health and safety of employees, product use and locals
- Social and Economic benefits - costs, use and safety.
- Energy. Lot of input and output?
- By-products. How much? Harmful? Useful? Disposal?
- Impact on environment.
- Feed-stock. Is it renewable?
- The reaction. Does it have a high atom economy and high percentage yield.
- Atom economy - how much of the feedstock that is made into useful products. The experiment's efficiency.
- Mass of desired product over mass of reactants.
- % yield - actual yield over theoretical yield.
- Actual yield is different to theoretical yield because: raw materials may not be pure, some product may be left in apparatus, reaction may not be finished, may give unexpected products.
- Careful planning and design of equipment and experiment method can increase the % yield.
- Atom economy - how much of the feedstock that is made into useful products. The experiment's efficiency.
- Masses
- RAM / Ar
- RFM / Mr
- Hydro-carbons
- Alkanes
- There are single bonds between the carbon atoms. This is why they are saturated.
- General formula: C(n)H(2n+2)
- Alkanes are the more basic bases.
- When alkanes burn, they produce cabon dioxide and water.
- Alkenes
- There are double bonds between the carbon atoms. This is why they are unsaturated.
- An unsaturated hydrocarbon makes an aqueous solution of bromine turn from orange to colourless because the double bonds break and the carbon bonds to the bromine. A saturated hydrocarbon leaves the bromine solution orange.
- There are single bonds between the carbon atoms. This is why they are saturated.
- An unsaturated hydrocarbon makes an aqueous solution of bromine turn from orange to colourless because the double bonds break and the carbon bonds to the bromine. A saturated hydrocarbon leaves the bromine solution orange.
- General formula: C(n)H(2n)
- No methane because there is not enough carbons for double bonding.
- There are double bonds between the carbon atoms. This is why they are unsaturated.
- Alcohols
- General formula: C(n)H(2n+1)OH
- Based on an alkane (no double bonds)
- Uses: drinks, medicines, make-up, perfume, cleaning products, solvents, diesel, petrol, nappy wipes, sterilising equipment in hospitals.
- Methanol is poisonous.
- Burn to form Carbon dioxide and oxygen.
- Reacts with sodium.
- Producing ethanol
- Fermentation - yeast makes enzymes to produce a dilute ethanol solution from sugar.
- Produces Carbon Dioxide so renewable options are needed.
- Biomass - Left over plant material from agriculture and logging has been broken down by genetically modified bacteria (E-coli), which converts the biomass into ethanol.
- Normal temperatures, no waste produced.
- MOST SUSTAINABLE METHOD.
- Crude oil - Ethane is found in crude oil and then converted into ethene. Ethene reacts with steam to form ethanol. This reaction needs a catalyst.
- high temperatures of 300^C with phosphoric acid as a catalyst.
- Biomass - Left over plant material from agriculture and logging has been broken down by genetically modified bacteria (E-coli), which converts the biomass into ethanol.
- Produces Carbon Dioxide so renewable options are needed.
- Distillation - heating the ethanol solution to make it more concentrated above its boiling point (78 ^C). Ethanol boils off and condenses to form the liquid called spirit.
- Uses: spirit drinks like whisky, vodka, gin. And in fuels.
- Biomass - Left over plant material from agriculture and logging has been broken down by genetically modified bacteria (E-coli), which converts the biomass into ethanol.
- Normal temperatures, no waste produced.
- MOST SUSTAINABLE METHOD.
- Crude oil - Ethane is found in crude oil and then converted into ethene. Ethene reacts with steam to form ethanol. This reaction needs a catalyst.
- high temperatures of 300^C with phosphoric acid as a catalyst.
- Fermentation - yeast makes enzymes to produce a dilute ethanol solution from sugar.
- Carboxylic acids
- General formula: C(n-1)H(2n-1)COOH
- These are weak acids because they don't completely ionise
- Esters
- These are made from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
- Uses: fruits, flavouring, sweets, perfumes, nail varnish remover, solvents for inks, paints and nail varnish.
- Low melting and boiling point, can evaporate quickly at room temperature, can be carried by air in vapour form.
- Making it: reflux condenser - water evaporates and condenses until layers are established.
- Separate water from the ester. Evaporate the water and let it condense out of the mixture while the wanted product is collected in the distillate.
- Use a tap funnel to separate the ester from the water as some may have not boiled off in the previous stage.
- Add some anhydrous calcium chloride to remove any excess water.
- Distil again while checking the temperature to get the purest product.
- Add some anhydrous calcium chloride to remove any excess water.
- Use a tap funnel to separate the ester from the water as some may have not boiled off in the previous stage.
- Separate water from the ester. Evaporate the water and let it condense out of the mixture while the wanted product is collected in the distillate.
- 1 carbon= meth. 2 carbons=eth. 3 carbons= prop. 4 carbons=but. 5 carbons= pent. 6 carbons= hex.
- Alkanes
- Speeding up reactions
- Chemical synthesis
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