C3
- Created by: Jasmine2157
- Created on: 31-05-15 19:21
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- C3
- % Yield
- May be low due to...
- Filtering
- Evaporating
- Transferring liquids
- Not all reactants react to make product
- Should be as high as possible in industrial process
- Reduces process cost
- Reduces waste of reactants
- No need to recycle unreacted materials
- (Actual yield / predicted yield) * 100%
- 100%: all reactants are converted to product with no losses in process
- 0%: no product formed or collected
- May be low due to...
- Atom Economy
- (Mr of desired product / total Mr of products) * 100%
- 100%: all reactants have changed into wanted product
- Low %: only some atoms in reactants have changed into wanted product
- Calorimetry
- Fair test
- Water volume
- Start temp.
- Temp. change
- Draughts
- Height of flame from calorimeter
- Height of flame/length of wick
- Stirring to distribute heat
- Reliability
- Repeat
- Identify + ignore anomalies
- Exothermic: Energy emit-ted, temp. rise, bonds made, products have less energy than reactants
- Endothermic: Energy absorbed, temp. falls, bonds break, atoms move apart, products have more energy than reactants
- Equations
- Energy transferred (J) = water mass (g) * 4.2 * temp. rise (C)
- Energy output (J/g) = energy released (J) / fuel mass burnt (g)
- Fair test
- Allotropes of C + nano-chemistry
- Graphite
- Giant molecular structure, lots of energy needed to separate atoms as covalent bonds are strong + there are many covalent bonds (making it hard with very high melting + boiling point)
- Diamond
- Lustrous, transparent, insoluble in water, reflects light (so sparkles)
- Uses: drills, jewellery, cutting tools
- No free electrons/ionso doesn’t conduct electricity
- Diamond
- Lustrous, insoluble in water, black + opaque
- Uses: pencil lead, lubricants
- Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
- Contains layers of carbon atoms that slide over each other easily as there are only weak forces between them so it’s slippery
- Contains delocalised electrons which carry charge, allowing it to conduct electricity
- Giant molecular structure, lots of energy needed to separate atoms as covalent bonds are strong + there are many covalent bonds (making it hard with very high melting + boiling point)
- Diamond
- Lustrous, transparent, insoluble in water, reflects light (so sparkles)
- Uses: drills, jewellery, cutting tools
- No free electrons/ionso doesn’t conduct electricity
- Fullerenes + Nanotubes
- Buckminster fullerene: C60, hollow sphere
- Nanotubes reinforce graphite in tennis rackets as they are very strong, used as semiconductors in electrical circuits
- Structure allows it to transport drugs in body (a molecule of drug can be placed inside nanotube cage) + can increase therapeutic activity of some fullerene-based drugs
- Giant molecular structure, high melting + boiling point
- Nanotubes: massive surface area so spreading catalyst on surface increases its effectiveness + activity
- Graphite
- Batch + Continuous
- Continuous
- Advantages
- High prod. rate
- Rare shut-down time
- Small workforce needed
- Ease of automation: easy
- Dis-advantage: high factory equip. cost
- Large scale prod. e.g. NHO3
- Advantages
- Batch
- Advantage: low factory equip. cost
- Dis-advantages
- Low prod. rate
- Shut-down time: often
- Large workforce needed
- Ease of auto-mation: hard
- Small scale prod. e.g. drugs
- Drug development
- High cost because...
- Marketing
- Time taken for development
- Labour costs
- Research + testing
- Legal costs in licensing new drug
- Energy costs
- Raw materials
- Drug companies must balance...
- Pay-back time length
- Expected demand for new drug
- High cost because...
- Establishing purity
- Thin layer chromato-graphy
- Greater impurity: bigger difference between true melting + boiling point
- Continuous
- % Yield
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