C3 mindmap
- Created by: lilycarrterr
- Created on: 14-08-19 09:56
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- C3
- states of matter
- solids, liquids and gases
- in boiling and melting. energy is transferred to substance from surroundings
- solids, liquids and gases
- atoms into ions
- elements react to form compounds by gaining, losing or sharing electrons
- G1 elements react with G7. atoms of G1 can lose one electron to gain the stable structure of a noble gas. this electron can be given to a G7 atom. both stable.
- elements react to form compounds by gaining, losing or sharing electrons
- ionic bonding
- ionic compounds are held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- besides G1&7, other elements that can form ionic compounds are G2&6
- ionic compounds are held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- giant ionic structures
- all ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds
- ionic compounds will conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water. this is because their ions can then become mobile and can carry charge through lquid
- all ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds
- covalent bonding
- formed when atoms of non-metals share pairs of electrons with each other
- each shared pair of electrons is a covalent bond
- many substances containing covalent bonds consist of simple molecules, but some have giant lattice structures
- each shared pair of electrons is a covalent bond
- formed when atoms of non-metals share pairs of electrons with each other
- structure of simple molecules
- substances made up of simple molecules have low melting & boiling points
- forces between are weak, and simple molecules have no overall charge so cannot conduct electricity
- substances made up of simple molecules have low melting & boiling points
- giant covalent structures
- high melting and boiling points
- graphite contains layers of bonded carbon atoms but no bonds between layers, making graphite soft and slippery
- can conduct electricity and thermal energy because of delocalised electrons
- graphite contains layers of bonded carbon atoms but no bonds between layers, making graphite soft and slippery
- high melting and boiling points
- fullerenes and graphene
- as well as diamond and graphite, carbon exists as fullerenes. form cage like structures & tubes based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
- fullerenes are finding uses transporting drugs to specific sites in body & as catalyst & reinforcement for composite materials
- graphene is a single layer of graphite.good electrical conductor
- fullerenes are finding uses transporting drugs to specific sites in body & as catalyst & reinforcement for composite materials
- as well as diamond and graphite, carbon exists as fullerenes. form cage like structures & tubes based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
- bonding in metals
- the atoms in a metal are closely packed together
- metallic bonding is like positively charged ions which are held together by outershell electrons. delocalised electrons free to move
- the atoms in a metal are closely packed together
- giant metallic structures
- metals can be shaped because the layers of atoms can slide over each other in a giant metallic structure
- alloys are harder that pure metal because the layers in a pure metal are distorted by atoms of different sizes in an alloy
- delocalised electrons in metals enable electricity and thermal energy to be transferred
- alloys are harder that pure metal because the layers in a pure metal are distorted by atoms of different sizes in an alloy
- metals can be shaped because the layers of atoms can slide over each other in a giant metallic structure
- nanoparticles
- nanoscience is the study of small particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size
- nanoparticles may have different properties than those for the same material in bulk. this is because nanoparticles have a larger surface area
- nanoparticles may result in smaller quantities of materials, such as catalysts and being needed for industrial process
- nanoparticles may have different properties than those for the same material in bulk. this is because nanoparticles have a larger surface area
- nanoscience is the study of small particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size
- applications of nanoparticles
- new developments are very exciting and could improve many aspects of modern life
- the increased use of nanoparticles needs more research into possible issues that might arise in terms of health and the environment
- new developments are very exciting and could improve many aspects of modern life
- states of matter
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