C2
- Created by: ak27330
- Created on: 08-11-19 19:34
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- C2
- States of Matter
- solid, liquid, gas
- Strength of forces between determined by material, temperature, and pressure
- Solid- fixed positions, liquids- randomly arranged, gases- weak forces of attraction fill container.
- Changes of State
- Solid to liquid = melting Liquid to gas = boiling Gas to liquid = condensing liquid to solid = freezing
- Purity
- Completely made of one element, opposite of mixture
- Will have specific sharp boiling point. E.g. pure ice melts at 0°c. Mixtures melt gradually.
- Distillation
- Simple distillation
- Used to separate out a liquid. Poured into distillation flask, evaporates condenses in condenser.
- Fractional distillation
- Separate mixture of different liquids. Put in flask, fractioning column attached, lowest boiling point evaporates first, cooled and collected
- Simple distillation
- Filtration and crystallisation
- filtration- separate insoluble solid from liquid, with filter paper
- Crystallisation- when soluble, evaporate solution and crystals start to form
- Choosing a separation method
- When choosing, best technique depend on properties of substance in a mixture
- Paper Chromatography
- mobile phase- where molecules move, liquid/gas
- stationary- molecules can't move, solid/thick liquid
- pencil line at bottom, spot of ink, place bottom in solvent, watch water go up page with water.
- Rf= distance of solute / distance of solvent
- Analysing the composition of inks
- Simple distillation- you can work out the solvent the ink contains, boiling point tells you which solvent it is.
- Paper chromatography, after solvent taken out, you can separate the different dyes.
- Water Treatment
- Surface water, ground water and waste water are main sources in the UK
- Filtration, sedimentation(particles clump together at bottom), chlorination
- Distillation of sea water if there is no other sources.
- Deionised water- ions removed from water for experiments
- States of Matter
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