C2

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  • Created by: ak27330
  • Created on: 08-11-19 19:34
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  • C2
    • States of Matter
      • solid, liquid, gas
      • Strength of forces between determined by material, temperature, and pressure
      • Solid- fixed positions, liquids- randomly arranged, gases- weak forces of attraction fill container.
    • Changes of State
      • Solid to liquid = melting Liquid to gas = boiling   Gas to liquid = condensing liquid to solid = freezing
    • Purity
      • Completely made of one element, opposite of mixture
      • Will have specific sharp boiling point. E.g. pure ice melts at 0°c. Mixtures melt gradually.
    • Distillation
      • Simple distillation
        • Used to separate out a liquid. Poured into distillation flask, evaporates condenses in condenser.
      • Fractional distillation
        • Separate mixture of different liquids. Put in flask, fractioning column attached, lowest boiling point evaporates first, cooled and collected
    • Filtration and crystallisation
      • filtration- separate insoluble solid from liquid, with filter paper
      • Crystallisation- when soluble, evaporate solution and crystals start to form
    • Choosing a separation method
      • When choosing, best technique depend on properties of substance in a mixture
    • Paper Chromatography
      • mobile phase- where molecules move, liquid/gas
      • stationary- molecules can't move, solid/thick liquid
      • pencil line at bottom, spot of ink, place bottom in solvent, watch water go up page with water.
      • Rf= distance of solute / distance of solvent
    • Analysing the composition of inks
      • Simple distillation- you can work out the solvent the ink contains, boiling point tells you which solvent it is.
      • Paper chromatography, after solvent taken out, you can separate the different dyes.
    • Water Treatment
      • Surface water, ground water and waste water are main sources in the UK
      • Filtration, sedimentation(particles clump together at bottom), chlorination
      • Distillation of sea water if there is no other sources.
      • Deionised water- ions removed from water for experiments

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