Body Composition

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  • Body Composition
    • definition
      • the chemical make-up of the human body
        • fat mass = percentage of body weight that is stored as fat
        • lean body mass = the weight of the rest of the body
    • BC assessment
      • hydrostatic weighing
        • weighed whilst immersed in a water tank
        • fat is less dense and floats in water - most accurate measure of body fat
      • bioelectrical impedance
        • sends low, safe electrical current through the body
        • current passes freely through the fluid contained in the muscles tissue, but encounters resistance when making contact with fat
        • when set against a person's height and weight the scales calculate percentage of body fat
        • not practical, affected by hydration, not reliable on athletes who have more lean muscle
      • skinfold callipers
        • most widely used because they are accessible, cheap and practical
        • testers must be trained, the same site cant be measured several times
        • measures subcutaneous fat below the skin and then sums the skinfolds at the end, common areas are the; triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac
      • BMI
        • a measure of an adult weight in relation to their height = weight divided by height 2
        • not suitable for pretty much anyone, doesn't take muscle into account
    • Overweight / Obesity
      • occurs as a result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure
      • if energy intake exceeds energy expenditure then energy is stored as fat
      • over weight = body weight exceeding the normal standard weight
      • obesity = having a very high amount of body fat
      • health implications
        • fat = essential fuel for endurance athletes & insulates vital organs
        • obesity causes; diabetes, cancers, long term stress on the CV system, CHD, angina, high blood pressure
        • overload of joints which impacts on alignment and posture
        • obese individuals participating in weight bearing activities will have an increased energy expenditure cost
    • Metabolic Rates
      • basal metabolic rate
        • the lowest rate of energy expenditure needed to sustain the body's essential physiological functions while at rest
      • resting metabolic rate
        • the amount of calories you need to consume to sustain your body's energy requirements at rest
      • metabolic equivalent task
        • shows energy expenditure for a physical activity
        • the ratio of a performers working metabolic rate relative to their resting metabolic rate
    • effects pf physical activity on BC
      • increase in the number of calories burnt during exercise which increases metabolic rate after exercise
      • increase lean body mass

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