GCSE - History - Surgery - Blood loss - Mindmap in GCSE History

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BLOOD LOSS
- stopping blood flow
  - Clamps
    - before amputations, clamps stopped the blood flow
      - this only stopped some of the blood loss
  - heat - cauterising
    - using a hot iron or oil poured on the wound seals the blood vessels.
      - this was very painful
  - tying blood vessels
    - ligatures tie up blood vessels
      - Didn't always work but was less painful than cauterisation
- Blood transfusions
  - in the 17th century, doctors did transfusions from animals as well as humans
    - people rarely survived so it was banned
  - by late 19th century, blood transfusions were needed due to more surgery
  - in 1901-02, karl landsteiner discovered four blood groups
    - tranfusions between matching groups was possible, although testing blood groups took to long
  - in 1916 francis rous and james turner added citrate glucose to the blood
    - this meant it could be stored for a lot longer
  - in 1915 lewisohn found that adding sodium citrate stopped the blood from clotting so it could be stored
    - richard weil used refrigerators to store it for longer
  - before the battle of cambrai in 1912, the army asked for blood donations
    - these were stored in the first ever blood bank
in 1915 lewisohn found that adding sodium citrate stopped the blood from clotting so it could be stored
- richard weil used refrigerators to store it for longer

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