Biology: Beyond The Miscroscope
- Created by: William Page-Brown
- Created on: 03-04-13 17:03
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- Biology: beyond the microsope
- bacteria
- asexual reproduction
- - seal dish - wear gloves - burn bacteria - pressure sterilising
- lactobacillus bacteria turns lactose sugar into lactic acid making yoghurt
- rods, curved rods, sph
- microorganism and disease
- viruses can only reproduce in living cells
- transmitted by; food, water, airborn droplets or water
- poor sanitation is linked with a high rate of incidence
- treating infectious diseases
- - enters body - reproduces - produce toxins - causes symptoms
- antiseptics used on surface
- antibiotics used inside body
- if over or underused could create resistance
- more on infectious diseases
- natural disasters spread disease rapidly
- Pasteur - microbes
- Lister - treat wounds
- Fleming - penecillin
- ethanol can be used as a fuel
- yeast
- glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxidee
- C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5O+ 2CO2
- glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
- produces faster: warmer, more glucose, correct pH
- produces slower: build up of toxic waste
- brewing
- grain -> yeast ->sugar into alcohol ->clarifying agents make it clearer -> pasteurized to kill yeast or left to ferment longer
- biofuels
- organic material contains energy
- 70% methane 30% carbon dioxide with hydrogen and nitrogen
- uses: power turbines, burned for heating or fuel for cars
- 30-40 degrees for decomposing bacteria
- needs: inlet, outlet, and pipe to collect biogas
- more on biofuels
- disadvantages: not as much energy, habitat loss
- renewable source
- cars can use gasohol
- less crude oil usage
- advantages:sustainable, removes CO2, doesnt produce harmful particulates
- removes CO2
- soils
- types: sandy, clay, loam (sand+clay)
- soils contain humus
- you can measure the water and humus content
- take the mass of the sample of soil
- heat to 105 degrees to boil off water
- heat to 550 degrees to burn off humus
- take mass reading to determine difference
- life in the soil
- must contain water and oxygen to sustain life
- humus broken down by decomposers releases minerals and nutrients
- humus also increases oxygen content
- earthworms are good for soil structure
- bury leaves to be decomposed
- burrows airate and drain
- distribute nutrients
- worms excrement is less acidic than eaten soil thus neutralising
- farmers buy worms to improve soil
- life in water
- advantages:hydration, steady temperature, supports organisms with no skeleton, excretion is well dispersed
- disadvantages: resistant to movement, need water regulation
- salt water could shrivel cells
- fresh water could swell or burst cells through osmosis
- zooplankton = little animals
- phytoplankton = little plants
- phytoplankton are main producers in water
- more on life in water
- photosynthesis is affected by: temperature, light and minerals
- more phytoplankton in summer
- more light for photosynthesis
- warmer thus more growth
- more zooplankton due to more food
- enzymes in action
- some stains contain starch, protein and fats
- biological washing poweders contain enzymes to break these down
- these work best at moderate temperatures
- may not work in acid or alkali tap water
- some powders contain specific enzymes
- in the food industry
- sucrase is used to breake sucrose into glucose and fructose
- this means more sweetness using less sugar
- rennet is used to clot milk to make cheese
- pectinase is used to make a fruit cell release its juice
- more enzymes in action
- immobilizing enzymes makes them easier to remove
- separated from mixture
- immobilized in alginate beads
- immobilized enzymes are still active
- diabetics use reagent *****s: blood is added to the ***** with enzymes, causing it to change colour
- more on genetic engineering
- alters genetic code
- transfer genes from one to other
- modified is called transgenic
- identify gene
- remove gene
- cut open host dna
- insert gene into host dna
- clone
- dna fingerprinting
- dna from hair, blood, skin or seme
- extract dna
- dna cut into fragments
- separated using electrophoresis
- small sections closer to positive anode
- placed on photographicfilm
- bacteria
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