Biology 2, Topic 1
- Created by: Nayeema-A
- Created on: 13-03-14 09:25
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- Biology 2, Topic 1
- Plant and Animal cells
- Similarities, Both have:
- Cell Membrane: Protects the cells and controls what goes into and out of the cell like Oxygen, Glucose and Carbon Dioxide.
- Cytoplasm- Where chemical reactions take place.
- Contains organelles- tiny structures that carry out specific jobs
- Nucleus- An organelle that contains DNA. Controls all the activity of the cell
- Mitochondria- Organelles where respiration occurs. Provides evergy for the cell.
- Tiny and cannot be seen through light microscopes at low magnification easily
- Chloroplasts- Organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green substance that absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis
- Contains organelles- tiny structures that carry out specific jobs
- Nucleus- An organelle that contains DNA. Controls all the activity of the cell
- Mitochondria- Organelles where respiration occurs. Provides evergy for the cell.
- Tiny and cannot be seen through light microscopes at low magnification easily
- Differences, Plant cells only have:
- Cell wall- Made of cellulose to support cells and keep its shape
- Vacuole- A space in the cytoplasm that is filled with cell sap and helps support the plant by keeping the cells rigid
- Chloroplasts- Organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green substance that absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis
- Similarities, Both have:
- Microscope Magnification Calculations
- Length of object= the length of magnified object/the magnification
- DNA
- Keywords
- Complimentary base pairings
- Thymine (T)
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Adenine (A)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
- Joined together by weak hydrogen bonds
- Thymine (T)
- Importance of the Human Genome Project (HGP)
- New treatments and cures for disorders e.g gene therapy
- New ways of finding genes that may increase risk of certain diseases e.g alzheimers
- New ways of looking at changes in the genome over time- shows how humans evolved and evolutionary relationships between different species
- Improved testing for genetic disorders, to discover if peoples are carrying a faulty allele
- Personalised medicines- Medicines that word on a particular genotype and target diseases more effectively, with fewer side effects
- Genetically engineering
- To produce human insulin
- Cut out the gene that holds the insulin part using the restriction enzyme
- Also using Restriction enzyme, cut out a bit of the plasmid from bacteria
- Using DNA ligase, glue the cut out gene to the plasmid of the bacteria chosen
- Using DNA ligase, put the plasmid back into the bacteria to reproduce
- Using DNA ligase, glue the cut out gene to the plasmid of the bacteria chosen
- Also using Restriction enzyme, cut out a bit of the plasmid from bacteria
- Cut out the gene that holds the insulin part using the restriction enzyme
- Advantages
- Rice can be altered to contain beta-carotene, it produces Vitamin A so people can eat this "golden rice" and maintain their health
- Vegetarians and vegans can have it.
- Disadvantages
- There are minute differences so it may not be as effective
- Can be expensive
- Potential to develope herbacide resistant crops
- To produce human insulin
- Fertilisation
- Haploid
- A cell with a single set of unpaired chomosomes
- Zygote
- A diploid resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes (A fertilised Ovum)
- Gamete- A cell that fuses with another cell in fertilisation
- A diploid resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes (A fertilised Ovum)
- Diploid
- A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes. One from each parent
- Fertilisation
- the process of fertilising an egg
- Haploid
- Plant and Animal cells
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