Biology - Keeping Healthy

Concerns healthy eating and defending agianst disease.

Hope it's useful.

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  • Created by: Ashleigh
  • Created on: 29-12-12 13:58
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  • Keeping Healthy
    • Diet and Exercise
      • Nutrients: a mixture of different food types is needed to maintain health.
        • Carbohydrates
          • Potatoes, Pasta, Bread, Rice, and Sugar
            • a source of energy for all life processes
        • Proteins
          • Meat, Fish, Eggs and Cheese
            • For growth and repair of cells
        • Fats
          • Cheese, Butter, Margarine and Oils
            • A stored source of energy for all life processes. Also it is needed to build cell membranes and insulate our bodies
        • Minerals and Vitamins
          • Fruit and Vegetables
            • Healthy functioning of the body
        • Fibres (wholegrain wheat) helps digestive system
        • Water, helps absorption and chemical reactions
      • Imbalanced diets causes people malnourished
        • Too little food = Underweight = Malnourished
          • Leads to  deficiency diseases
        • Too much food = overweight = Malnourished
          • Leads to  deficiency diseases
      • If someone's diet consists of food with a lower energy content than the amount of energy there lose due to life processes then they will lose weight
      • Respiration is a chemical reaction that allows cells to release energy from food
        • The metabolic rate is the speed of which these chemical reactions take   place
          • Diet and Exercise
            • Nutrients: a mixture of different food types is needed to maintain health.
              • Carbohydrates
                • Potatoes, Pasta, Bread, Rice, and Sugar
                  • a source of energy for all life processes
              • Proteins
                • Meat, Fish, Eggs and Cheese
                  • For growth and repair of cells
              • Fats
                • Cheese, Butter, Margarine and Oils
                  • A stored source of energy for all life processes. Also it is needed to build cell membranes and insulate our bodies
              • Minerals and Vitamins
                • Fruit and Vegetables
                  • Healthy functioning of the body
              • Fibres (wholegrain wheat) helps digestive system
              • Water, helps absorption and chemical reactions
            • Imbalanced diets causes people malnourished
              • Too little food = Underweight = Malnourished
                • Too much food = overweight = Malnourished
                • If someone's diet consists of food with a lower energy content than the amount of energy there lose due to life processes then they will lose weight
                • Respiration is a chemical reaction that allows cells to release energy from food
                  • The metabolic rate is the speed of which these chemical reactions take   place
                    • This varies due to factors such as age, gender and inheritence
                    • It is also affected by the proportion of Muscle:Fat and amount of exercise is done.
                      • This varies due to factors such as age, gender and inheritence
                      • Exercise builds muscle and muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue.
                    • The metabolic rate increases when we exercise and stays high for a while afterwards therefore people who exercise regularity are usually healthier
                      • It is also affected by the proportion of Muscle:Fat and amount of exercise is done.
                        • Exercise builds muscle and muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue.
                • The cholesterol level can affect health too.
                  • White waxy subtance made in the liver
                    • Needed to build healthy cell membranes and make sex hormones
                      • The cholesterol level can affect health too.
                        • White waxy subtance made in the liver
                          • Needed to build healthy cell membranes and make sex hormones
                            • In every cell in the body
                            • Too much cholesterol in the blood increases chances of heart attack and diseases arteries
                          • In every cell in the body
                          • Too much cholesterol in the blood increases chances of heart attack and diseases arteries
                        • The metabolic rate increases when we exercise and stays high for a while afterwards therefore people who exercise regularity are usually healthier
                    • Defending against disease
                      • Pathogens  are micro-organisms that cause diseases
                        • Bacteria are microscopic organisms
                          • They come in many diverse shapes and sizes but are still all very small
                          • Bacteria are living cells and, in favourable conditions, can multiply rapidly
                          • Once inside the body they release toxins that cause illnesses
                          • Food poisoning, Whooping cough, Sore throat, and Cholera
                        • Viruses are much much smaller than Bacteria, in fact they are the smallest micro-organism known
                          • Bacteria are microscopic organisms
                            • They come in many diverse shapes and sizes but are still all very small
                            • Bacteria are living cells and, in favourable conditions, can multiply rapidly
                            • Once inside the body they release toxins that cause illnesses
                            • Food poisoning, Whooping cough, Sore throat, and Cholera
                          • Consist of a fragment of genetic material inside a protective protein coat
                          • Can only reproduce inside host cells, this is damaging to the cell
                          • Once in a cell, the virus takes over and produces '1000000' copies of it's self
                            • Can only reproduce inside host cells, this is damaging to the cell
                          • Eventually the copies fill the whole cell which then bursts, the viruses are then passed out of the body
                            • Once in a cell, the virus takes over and produces '1000000' copies of it's self
                            • Common cold, Flu, Measles, rubella, AIDs and Chicken poxs
                        • White blood cells:
                          • ingest pathogens and destroy them
                          • Produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens
                            • Pathogens contain certain chemicals that are foreign to the body. These chemicals are called antigens. Certain white blood cells, called lymphocytes, can produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen.
                              • Antibodies can bind to pathogens and damage or destroy them or they can coat pathogens and clump them so they can be easily disgusted
                                • Each lymphocyte produces a specific type of antibody - a protein that has a chemical 'fit' to a certain antigen. When a lymphocyte with the appropriate antibody meets the antigen, the lymphocyte reproduces quickly and makes many copies of the antibody to kill the pathogen.
                                  • Produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens
                                    • Pathogens contain certain chemicals that are foreign to the body. These chemicals are called antigens. Certain white blood cells, called lymphocytes, can produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen.
                                      • Antibodies can bind to pathogens and damage or destroy them or they can coat pathogens and clump them so they can be easily disgusted
                                        • Each lymphocyte produces a specific type of antibody - a protein that has a chemical 'fit' to a certain antigen. When a lymphocyte with the appropriate antibody meets the antigen, the lymphocyte reproduces quickly and makes many copies of the antibody to kill the pathogen.
                            • Produce antitoxins which counteract the toxins released by bacterias
                              • antibodies and antitoxins are not living thing they are specialised proteins
                            • vaccinations
                              • Vaccination causes the body to produce enough white blood cells to protect itself against a pathogen.
                              • Antibiotics are effective against bacteria, but not against viruses.
                                • Viruses are much much smaller than Bacteria, in fact they are the smallest micro-organism known
                                  • Consist of a fragment of genetic material inside a protective protein coat
                                  • Eventually the copies fill the whole cell which then bursts, the viruses are then passed out of the body
                                    • Common cold, Flu, Measles, rubella, AIDs and Chicken poxs
                                • Some strains of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. So people can be immunised against a pathogen through vaccination.
                                  • Natural selection
                                • Different vaccines are needed for different pathogens.
                                • Vaccination involves putting a small amount of an inactive form of a pathogen, or dead pathogen, into the body.
                                  • These act as antigens
                                    • When injected into the body, they stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies against the pathogen
                                      • If the person does get infected by the pathogen later, their body can respond in the same way as if they had had the disease before
                                        • If a large proportion of the population is immune to a particular pathogen, the spread of that pathogen is greatly reduced.
                                • Vaccines can contain:
                                  • Live pathogens treated to make them harmless
                                  • Harmless fragments of the pathogen
                                  • Dead pathogens
                              • Hygiene
                                • In the 19th century, Ignaz Semmelweiss realised the importance of cleanliness in hospitals.
                                  • Semmelweiss insisted that doctors should wash their hands before examining patients, something that was not common at the time.
                                    • This policy greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.
                                      • Unfortunately, although his ideas were successful, they were ignored at the time because people did not know that diseases were caused by pathogens that could be killed.
                                        • In the 19th century, Ignaz Semmelweiss realised the importance of cleanliness in hospitals.
                                          • Semmelweiss insisted that doctors should wash their hands before examining patients, something that was not common at the time.
                                            • This policy greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.
                                              • Unfortunately, although his ideas were successful, they were ignored at the time because people did not know that diseases were caused by pathogens that could be killed.

                            Comments

                            Anisa Akhtar

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                            helped alot thxs

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