B2 Organisation
- Created by: Jeremy
- Created on: 20-10-18 21:18
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- B2 Organisation
- B2.1 Principles of Organisation
- Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
- A tissue is a group of similar cells performing similar purposes.
- Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
- B2.2 Animal tissues, organs, and organ systems
- B2.2.1 The human digestive system
- Several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
- Enzymes work at higher temperatures becuase of more kinetic energy, but at too high temperatures. the emzyme becomes denatured.
- Enzymes have a temperature at which it works best. This is called its optimum temperature.
- Similar to the temperature, enzymes also have an optimum pH and can become denatured when the pH is too extreme.
- Enzymes catalyse specific reactions because of the shape of their active site.
- Enzymes
- Carbohydrases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars e.g. amylase breaks down starch into glucose.
- Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Proteases break down proteins into amino acids
- Digestive enzymes break down food molecules to make them soluble to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Bile neutralises stomach acids and emulsifies fats to speed up the rate of breakdown.
- B2.2.2 The heart and blood vessels
- The heart pumps blood to the organs in the body in a double circulatory system
- RIGHT VENTRICLE: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- LEFT VENTRICLE: pumps oxygenated blood around the body
- The body contains three types of blood vessels.
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
- The heart pumps blood to the organs in the body in a double circulatory system
- B2.2.3 Blood
- Blood is a TISSUE.
- Blood contains plasma, and the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are supsended in this liquid.
- B2.2.4 Coronary heart disease
- Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, therefore narrowing the lumen.
- Treatment
- Stents are meshes implanted into the artery to keep the arteries open.
- Statins are drugs that help to lower blood cholesterol levels
- A heart disease patient can also have a valve or a heart transplant, and an artificial heart is sometimes used whilst waiting for a donor.
- B2.2.5 Health issues
- Health is a state of physical and mental well-being.
- Diseases are major causes of ill health.
- Disease interaction
- Defects in the immune system can leave an individual more susceptible to infectious diseases.
- Viruses living inside cells can trigger cancers.
- Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can lead to allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
- Severe physical ill health can have an adverse effect on mental health.
- B2.2.6 The effect of lifestyle on some non-communicable diseases
- Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease.
- Proven causal mechanisms for some risk factors
- The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
- Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
- The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function
- The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer
- The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies
- Carcinogens (including ionising radiation) as risk factors in cancer.
- B2.2.7 Cancer
- Cancer is the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
- Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells contained in one area, usually a membrane, and does not invade other parts of the body.
- Malignant tumours are cancers and invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.
- B2.2.1 The human digestive system
- B2.3 Plant tissues, organs and systems
- B2.3.1 Plant tissues
- epidermal tissues
- palisade mesophyll
- spongy mesophyll
- xylem and phoem
- meristem tissue (found at growing tips of shoots and roots)
- B2.3.1 Plant tissues
- B2.1 Principles of Organisation
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