Biology topic 1

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  • Topic 1
    • Biological molecules
      • Water
        • H2O- H has a slight possitive charge and O has a slight negative charge.
        • Hydrogen bonds form in between water molecules
          • This is due to the hydrogen and oxygen charges attract each other on other water molecules
            • They have a dipole and are polar
        • Keeps environments stable
          • Easily accessible as it needs 4200 KJ to raise it by 1 degree
        • Metabolite
          • used in: aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, digestion
        • A solvent
          • Dissolves soluble substances which lets them flow freely
        • Cohesion- water molecules stick together
        • Adhesion- water molecules stick to other things
        • Surface tension- net direction downwards on water surface due to cohesion of water molecules
    • Carbohydrates
      • Disaccarides
        • Maltose
          • Alpha glucose + alpha glucose
        • Lactose
          • Beta Glucose + galactose
        • Sucrose
          • Alpha glucose + fructose
        • A glycosidic bond holds two monosaccharides together to make a disaccharide
      • Monosaccharides
        • Alpha glucose
        • Beta Glucose
        • Galactose
        • Fructose
      • Disaccharides to monosaccharides = HYDROLYSIS
      • Monosaccharide to Disaccharide = condensation reaction
      • Test for Sugars
        • Reducing sugars
          • 1. Add Benedicts solutions. 2. Heat to 80 degrees in a water bath 3. Orange-red percipitate forms if present
        • Non-reducing sugars
          • 1. Boil the substance in dilute acid 2. Neutralize by adding hydrogen carbonate 3. Add benedicts solution- if clear it is a non-reducing sugar

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