Biology: Coordination
- Created by: ihatealevels
- Created on: 08-03-16 10:23
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- Biology: Coordination
- Forms of Coordination
- Nervous System
- Uses nerve cells to pass electrical impulses
- Stimulates target cells via secretion of neurotransmitters
- Used for rapid communication between specific parts
- Short lived
- Effect is temporary and reversible
- Uses nerve cells to pass electrical impulses
- Hormonal System
- Communication via hormones
- Slow
- Widespread
- All parts of the body, but only target organs respond
- Transmission via blood
- Long lasting and may be permenant
- Plant growth factors
- Light
- Gravity
- Water
- Plant growth factors are plant hormones such as IAA
- Communication via hormones
- Nervous System
- Neurones
- Structure
- Cell body - nucleus and RER, produces proteins and neurotransmitters
- Schwann Cells- provides insulation and carry out phagocytosis and nerve regeneration
- Myelin Sheath- rich in myelin lipid, carry impulses faster
- Nodes of Ranvier - gaps between adjacent schwann cells where there is no sheath, 2um long
- Types of neurones
- Sensory Neurones
- One dendron and one axon
- Transmit impulses from a receptor to an immediate or motor neurone
- Sensory Neurones
- Structure
- Passage of impulses
- Resting Potential
- Intrinsic proteins
- Active transport of K and Na ions
- Allows diffusion
- 'Voltage gates'
- Allows diffusion
- PPL bilayer prevents Na and K ions diffusing across it
- Active transport of K and Na ions
- Sodium (3) actively transported out of axon by Na-K pump
- Potassium (2) ions transported into axon by Na-K pump
- More sodium ions than potassium in tissue fluid than in the cytoplasm, causes chemical gradient
- Gates closed to prevent diffusion
- Negative inside and positive outside of axon
- Chemical, electrical gradients are balanced, no net movement of ions
- Negative inside and positive outside of axon
- Gates closed to prevent diffusion
- More sodium ions than potassium in tissue fluid than in the cytoplasm, causes chemical gradient
- Potassium (2) ions transported into axon by Na-K pump
- Intrinsic proteins
- Acton Potential
- Energy of stimulus causes Na gates to open, Na ions diffuse into axon
- Triggers a reversal of potential difference
- +40mV reached, voltage gates closed
- K gates open
- Causes repolarisation
- Outward diffusion of K ions causes a temporary overshoot of electrical gradient
- inside of axon more ngative
- Factors affecting speed
- Myeelin Sheath
- Diameter of axon
- Temperature
- Refractory period
- Ensures action potential goes in one direction
- Produces discrete ompulses
- Limits number of action potentials
- Produces discrete ompulses
- Ensures action potential goes in one direction
- Diameter of axon
- Myeelin Sheath
- Factors affecting speed
- inside of axon more ngative
- Outward diffusion of K ions causes a temporary overshoot of electrical gradient
- Causes repolarisation
- K gates open
- +40mV reached, voltage gates closed
- Triggers a reversal of potential difference
- Energy of stimulus causes Na gates to open, Na ions diffuse into axon
- Resting Potential
- Structure of a Synapse
- Transmits impulses via neurotransmitters
- Separated by a synaptic cleft
- Neurone that emits = presynaptic neurone
- Axon is the synaptic knob
- Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles
- Postsynaptic neurone has NT receptors
- Separated by a synaptic cleft
- Transmits impulses via neurotransmitters
- Forms of Coordination
- Dendrons- carry nerve impulses towards cell body
- Axon- carries nerve impulses away from body
- Motor Neurones
- Transmit impulses from an intermediate or sensory neurone to an effector
- 1 axon, many dendrites
- Types of neurones
- Sensory Neurones
- One dendron and one axon
- Transmit impulses from a receptor to an immediate or motor neurone
- Sensory Neurones
- Transmit impulses from an intermediate or sensory neurone to an effector
- Intermediate Neurones
- transmit impulses between neurones
- Resting Potential
- Intrinsic proteins
- Active transport of K and Na ions
- Allows diffusion
- 'Voltage gates'
- Allows diffusion
- PPL bilayer prevents Na and K ions diffusing across it
- Active transport of K and Na ions
- Sodium (3) actively transported out of axon by Na-K pump
- Potassium (2) ions transported into axon by Na-K pump
- More sodium ions than potassium in tissue fluid than in the cytoplasm, causes chemical gradient
- Gates closed to prevent diffusion
- Negative inside and positive outside of axon
- Chemical, electrical gradients are balanced, no net movement of ions
- Negative inside and positive outside of axon
- Gates closed to prevent diffusion
- More sodium ions than potassium in tissue fluid than in the cytoplasm, causes chemical gradient
- Potassium (2) ions transported into axon by Na-K pump
- Intrinsic proteins
- Energy of stimulus causes Na gates to open, Na ions diffuse into axon
- Triggers a reversal of potential difference
- +40mV reached, voltage gates closed
- K gates open
- Causes repolarisation
- Outward diffusion of K ions causes a temporary overshoot of electrical gradient
- inside of axon more ngative
- Factors affecting speed
- Myeelin Sheath
- Diameter of axon
- Temperature
- Refractory period
- Ensures action potential goes in one direction
- Produces discrete ompulses
- Limits number of action potentials
- Produces discrete ompulses
- Ensures action potential goes in one direction
- Diameter of axon
- Myeelin Sheath
- Factors affecting speed
- inside of axon more ngative
- Outward diffusion of K ions causes a temporary overshoot of electrical gradient
- Causes repolarisation
- K gates open
- +40mV reached, voltage gates closed
- Triggers a reversal of potential difference
- Transmits impulses via neurotransmitters
- Separated by a synaptic cleft
- Neurone that emits = presynaptic neurone
- Axon is the synaptic knob
- Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles
- Postsynaptic neurone has NT receptors
- Separated by a synaptic cleft
- Function
- single impulse to many neurones
- Create a number of simultaneous responses
- Number of impulses to be combined at the synapse
- Features of synapses
- Unidirectionality
- Features of synapses
- Number of impulses to be combined at the synapse
- Create a number of simultaneous responses
- single impulse to many neurones
- NT made in the presynaptic neurone
- Synaptic vesicles released into the synapse, when action potential reaches the SK
- Neurotransmitters diffuses across the cleft to receptor molecules
- Neurotransmitter binds with receptor molecules, sets up new action potential
- Neurotransmitters diffuses across the cleft to receptor molecules
- Synaptic vesicles released into the synapse, when action potential reaches the SK
- Features of synapses
- Unidirectionality
- Summation
- Spatial - number of different impulses - together triggers new action potential
- Temporal- one fires many times
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