Biological Molecules
- Created by: leenaq
- Created on: 19-02-13 18:42
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- Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Types
- Monosaccharides
- one glucose unit
- glycosidic bonds can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction
- one glucose unit
- Disaccharides
- they are made by a condensation reaction
- when two monosaccharides bond together and water is produced
- glycosidic bonds form between the glucose molecules
- when two monosaccharides bond together and water is produced
- they are made by a condensation reaction
- Polysccharides
- consists of monomer units linked by glycosidic bonds
- Monosaccharides
- all carbohydrates are fromed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- storage
- Polysccharides
- consists of monomer units linked by glycosidic bonds
- starch
- main energy storage material in plants
- starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpa-glucose amylose and amylopectin
- it is insoluble and compact
- can be broken down rapidly to release glucose when needed
- glycogen
- main energy storage material in animals
- glycogen is excess glucose that is stored.
- glycogen is released quickly due to structure having a lot of side branches
- very compact, good storage space
- large molecule can store loads of energy
- Polysccharides
- a-glucose and b-glucose
- Types
- Lipids
- triglycerides
- type of lipid formed when fatty acids react with glycerol
- it is a condensation reaction
- ester bonds are used
- to turn triglycerides back to fatty acids and glycerol, enzymes are needed with water molecules
- type of lipid formed when fatty acids react with glycerol
- saturated fats
- are mainly found in animal fats
- they have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails
- unsaturated fats
- mainly found in plants
- they have double bonds on their hydrocarbon tail
- triglycerides
- Proteins
- made up by lots of monomers linked together called amino acids
- amino acids are linked up by peptide bonds to make proteins by condensation reactions
- all amino acids have the same structure the difference is the variable group
- structures
- primary structure
- a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds
- secondary structure
- hydrogen bonds form between the amino acid in the chain
- making it
- fold into a beta pleated sheet
- coil into an alpha helix
- making it
- hydrogen bonds form between the amino acid in the chain
- tertiary structure
- the chain is coiled and folded further more bonds form between different parts of the polypeptide chain.
- quaternary structure
- proteins made up of several diffectn
- primary structure
- made up by lots of monomers linked together called amino acids
- Enzymes
- they catalyse metabollic reactions
- they are globular proteins
- lock and key
- this is where the substrate fits into the enzyme
- this model was out dated
- induced fit
- the substrate dosent have to be the right shape to fit the active site
- the active sites' shape can changeas well
- the substrate dosent have to be the right shape to fit the active site
- activation energy
- this lowers when the active site forms an enzyme-substrate complex
- this lowers the activation energy because the enzymeholds them both together, reducing any repulsion between molecules
- this lowers when the active site forms an enzyme-substrate complex
- 3D structure
- they are very specific
- active site shape determinedfrom 3D structure
- every enzyme has a different shape
- rate affecters
- Inhibitors
- competitiveinibitiors
- binds to active site of enzyme
- decreases rate of reaction
- binds to active site of enzyme
- non-competitive
- binds to a part of enzyme and changes the active site
- stops the rate of reaction
- binds to a part of enzyme and changes the active site
- competitiveinibitiors
- concentration
- the more enzymes in a solution the more likely the substrate molecule is to collide
- increasing the rate of reaction
- the more enzymes in a solution the more likely the substrate molecule is to collide
- temperature
- optimum temp is 37
- increasing temp
- the active site be comes denatured
- decreasing temp
- enzymes have little energy and move slowly
- pH
- low pH
- active site becomes denatured
- high pH
- active site becomes denatured
- low pH
- Inhibitors
- water
- it is a solvent
- water transports substances
- it is a dipolar molecule
- it has a negative charge and a positive charge on either side
- hydrogen bonding
- the attraction of the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another
- cohesion
- is the attraction between molecules of the same type and so water molecules
- Uses
- as a solvent
- photosynthesis
- temperature regulation
- transportation
- it is a solvent
- Carbohydrates
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