Biological Approach Edexcel
- Created by: psych teach
- Created on: 15-03-16 09:31
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- Biological Psychology
- Central Nervous System
- Neurotransmitters
- The effects of drugs on transmission
- Dopamine pathways and reward
- Nucleus accumbens/ ventral tegmental area
- Addiction
- Dopamine pathways and reward
- Neurons
- Electrical action potential along axon
- Chemical signal at synapse
- Electrical action potential along axon
- The effects of drugs on transmission
- Brain areas
- 4 lobes
- Areas associated with aggression
- Midbrain
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Raine et al - Key Study
- PET Scans of NGRIs
- Matched pairs design
- Lower activity in prefrontal cortex
- Lower activity in left amygdala
- PET Scans of NGRIs
- Areas associated with aggression
- 4 lobes
- Neurotransmitters
- Evolution
- Natural selection of random genetic mutations
- Survival of those best adapted to their environment
- Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation (EEA)
- Stronger, aggressive males have an advantage
- Hunting food
- Spatial awareness linked to testosterone - useful when hunting over distance
- Protecting family
- Chosen by females
- Hunting food
- Stronger, aggressive males have an advantage
- Live longer, pass on more genes
- Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation (EEA)
- Survival of those best adapted to their environment
- Natural selection of random genetic mutations
- Freud's Psychodynamic Explanation of Aggression
- Personality
- Id -
- Unconscious mind
- Pleasure principle
- Unconscious drives
- Thanatos
- Death instinct
- Aggression to self and others
- Catharsis - eg watching violent TV
- Death instinct
- Eros
- Enjoyment of life
- Thanatos
- Ego
- Reality principle - controls urges of id
- Superego
- Morality principle - right and wrong
- Id -
- Personality
- Scanning Techniques
- Computerised Axial Tomography
- Multiple x-ray beams
- Tell us about structure, not function
- Multiple x-ray beams
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Head is placed in electromagnet
- Haemoglobin carrying oxygen repels the magnetic field
- Deoxygenated haemoglobin follows direction of magnetic fiels
- The scanner detects these changes
- Most active areas use most oxygen (and glucose)
- The scanner detects these changes
- Deoxygenated haemoglobin follows direction of magnetic fiels
- Haemoglobin carrying oxygen repels the magnetic field
- Head is placed in electromagnet
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Used By Raine et al (1997)
- Radioactive molecule attached to glucose molecule (FDG)
- Brain uses up glucose and radioactive atom breaks down, releasing positrons
- Gamma rays are released and detected by scanner
- Brain uses up glucose and radioactive atom breaks down, releasing positrons
- Radioactive molecule attached to glucose molecule (FDG)
- Used By Raine et al (1997)
- Computerised Axial Tomography
- Nature/Nurture
- Twin Studies - shared environment or shared genes?
- MZ Twins - 100 % genes
- Brendgen et al, (2005) - Contemporary Study. 6 year-old twins
- Genetic and Environmental factors in social aggression
- Suggests genetic cause for physical aggression
- Suggests environmental cause for social aggression
- Genetic and Environmental factors in social aggression
- Brendgen et al, (2005) - Contemporary Study. 6 year-old twins
- DZ Twins - 50% Genes
- Brendgen et al, (2005) - Contemporary Study. 6 year-old twins
- Genetic and Environmental factors in social aggression
- Suggests genetic cause for physical aggression
- Suggests environmental cause for social aggression
- Genetic and Environmental factors in social aggression
- MZ Twins - 100 % genes
- Adoption Studies - shared environment or shared genes?
- Similarities with adoptive parents = nurture
- Similarities with biological parents = nature
- Cadoret and Stewart (1991) - 283 male adoptees
- Criminal behaviour/antisocial personality in biological parents correlated with aggression, antisocial personality and ADHD in boys - nature
- Adoption Study
- Socioeconomic status and psychiatric problems in adoptive parents correlated with ADHD, aggression and antisocial personality in boys - nurture
- Twin Studies - shared environment or shared genes?
- Hormones and aggression
- Testosterone - androgen hormone
- Antenatal testosterone leads to increased spatial ability and aggression
- Post natal testosterone stimulates growth of amygdala and hypothalamus
- Castrated male rats - less aggression
- Castrated rats injected with testosterone=increased aggression
- Female rats given testosterone = more aggression
- Castrated human sex offenders = loss of aggression
- Testosterone - androgen hormone
- Practical Investigation - Correlation between spatial awareness and aggression
- BBC spatial awareness test and 'duck hunt'
- Ordinal data and relationship = scattergraph and Spearman's Rho
- Compare observed r to critical value to gauge significance
- Central Nervous System
- Nature v Nurture - compare Freud's explanation and the Biological explanation of aggression
- Key Question- What are the implications for society if aggression is found to be caused by nature and not nurture?
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