Biological Molecules

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  • Biological Molecules
    • Proteins
      • Bonding
        • Hydrogen
        • Peptide
        • Disulphide - cysteine groups
        • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic reactions
        • ionic - NH3 and CO2H
      • Structure
        • folding into secondary, tertiary and quaternary
      • Globular
        • Insuliin
          • Hormone - blood glucose concentration
          • Soluble in water - transport
          • Specific shape to fit into receptors
      • Fibrous
        • Collagen
          • 3 pp chains bound together
          • Mesh - resistant to tearing, in skin
        • Elastin
          • Made of multiple tropoelastin - cross links hold together
          • Gives strength and elasticity
      • Conjugated
        • Haemoglobin
          • Quaternary prosthetic protein
          • Oxygen bonds to the haem groups
    • Ions
      • Cations +ve
        • Examples - functions
      • Anions -ve
        • Examples - functions
    • Carbohydrates
      • Reducing / non-reducing sugars test
      • iodine test
      • Bonds / reactions -  examples of mono, di, and poly
        • Condensation - makes bonds
        • Hydrolysis - breaks bonds
      • Starch - alpha glucose
        • Energy store in plants
        • Amylose - helical, C1-C4
        • Amylopectin - branched, C1-C6 bonds, hydrolysed quicker
      • Glycogen - alpha   glucose
        • Branched - free ends so easy top add / use glucose
        • Short term energy store
      • Cellulose - beta glucose
        • Straight chain - molecules inverted
        • Cell wall
        • fibres - microfibrils
    • Lipids
      • Phospholipids PO4 (3-)
        • Bilayer - between aqueous environments
        • Saturated / unsaturated
      • Triglycerides
        • Saturated / unsaturated
        • Function
      • Roles of lipids
        • Electrical Insulation
        • Waterproofing
        • Hormone production
        • Fat stores - long term
      • Emulsion test
      • Bonds - reactions to make and break
        • Hydrolysis - breaks the bonds
        • Esterification - makes the bonds
      • Properties
        • Immiscible - need an emulsifier
      • Health Advice
        • Could be other factors
        • Changing scientific knowledge
    • Water
      • Properties - how they make it a stable environment
        • SHC
        • Surface Tension
        • Density of ice
        • Solvent
        • Cohesion
      • Bonds
        • Hydroxyl groups  - slightly polar
        • Oxygen - slightly -ve
        • Hydrogen - slightly +ve

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