Biodiversity
- Created by: Helen33
- Created on: 04-05-20 15:06
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- Biodiversity
- Types of biodiversity
- Habitual biodiversity
- number of different habitats found within an area
- UK is quite habitually biodiverse
- Species Diversity
- Species richness
- the number of different species living in an area
- Measuring species richness
- Use sampling methods
- Species Evenness
- a comparison of the number of individuals of each species living in an area
- an area can differ in species biodiversity even if it has the same number of species
- Measuring species evenness
- using a frame quadrant: density, frequency, percentage
- measuting animal populations: Capture, mark, release, recapture
- Species richness
- Genetic Biodiversity
- the variety of genes that make up a species
- genetic diversity reduces extinction by increasing adaptations
- Calculating Genetic Diversity
- All members of the same species have the same genes but different variations called Alleles
- Proportion of polymorphic loci = no. of polymorphic loci/total no. of loci
- Polymorphic loci - a gene that has different alleles
- Proportion of polymorphic loci = no. of polymorphic loci/total no. of loci
- Factors affecting: mutation, interbreeding, rare breeds, artifical cloning, natural selection, founder effect, genetic bottleneck, selective breesing
- Genetic Biodiversity
- the variety of genes that make up a species
- genetic diversity reduces extinction by increasing adaptations
- Calculating Genetic Diversity
- All members of the same species have the same genes but different variations called Alleles
- Proportion of polymorphic loci = no. of polymorphic loci/total no. of loci
- Polymorphic loci - a gene that has different alleles
- Proportion of polymorphic loci = no. of polymorphic loci/total no. of loci
- Factors affecting: mutation, interbreeding, rare breeds, artifical cloning, natural selection, founder effect, genetic bottleneck, selective breesing
- All members of the same species have the same genes but different variations called Alleles
- Genetic Biodiversity
- All members of the same species have the same genes but different variations called Alleles
- Habitual biodiversity
- Sampling
- taking measurement of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area
- Random sampling
- each individual in the population has an equal likelihood of selection
- Non-random sampling
- Opportunistic sampling
- uses organisms that are conveniently available
- not representative of the population
- Stratified sampling
- some populations can be divided into sub-groups based on particular characteristic
- Systematic sampling
- different areas within a habitat are identified and then sampled separately
- Line transect: taking samples at specific points on a line
- belt transect: taking samples between two lines
- Opportunistic sampling
- sampling animals
- point quadrant
- consists of a frame where a pin dropped to measure each plant it touches
- frame quadrant
- square frame divided into a grid and the type and number of species in the grid is recorded
- point quadrant
- sampling plants
- e.g., pooter, sweep nets, pitfall traps, tree beating, kick sampling
- Calculating Biodiversity
- Simpson's Index of Diversity (D)
- Formula: Sum of species (total no. species/total number of organisms) squared
- results will always be between 1 and 0
- Takes into account both species richness and species evenness
- Simpson's Index of Diversity (D)
- Factors affecting biodiversity
- Deforestation
- directly reduces number of tress
- species and habitual diversity is reduced
- animals are forced to migrate due to food course depletion
- Climate change
- Arctic temperatures and temperature trends increasing
- will kill arctic species
- kill plant species needing lots of water, more xerophytes
- insect life cycle and population will change
- increase in water vapour and sea level
- will flood lowlands and destroy freshwater habitats
- Increase in deep sea temperatures
- kill sea life sensitive to temperature changes
- Arctic temperatures and temperature trends increasing
- Agriculture
- deforestation to increase available land
- removal of hedgerows destroys habitats
- mono-culture reduces species diversity
- Deforestation
- Maintaining biodiversity
- Aesthetic reasons
- presences of plants enriches our lives
- people find motivation and inspiration from nature
- Ecological reasons
- all organisms are interdependent on each other for survival. remove one can impact others
- some species play a key role in maintaining their ecological community - keystone species
- e.g. bees
- Economic reasons
- soil erosion may occur, reducing the ability ro grow crops
- important to conserve raw materials that industries are built on
- species with high economic value may become extinct
- high biodiversity provides protection from abiotic stress
- high biodiverse ares attracts tourism
- continuous mono-culture causes soil depletion
- plant variety is needed for cross-breeding
- Aesthetic reasons
- Conservation
- In-Situ conservation
- Wildlife Reserves
- Controlled grazing, restricted human access, feeding animals, reintroduction of species &culling of invasive species
- Marine conservation zones
- protects species rich areas which are being devastated by non-sustainable fishing methods
- Wildlife Reserves
- Ex-Situ conservation
- Botanic Gardens
- species are actively managed to provide them with the best resources to grow
- Seed banks
- stores seeds as a back-up possible plant extinction
- Captive breeding programmes
- creates a stable, healthy population, then gradually reintroduce them into the wild
- difficult to maintain genetic biodiversity and also some organisms cannot be released in the wild after life in captivity
- disease, behaviour, genetic races, habitat
- Botanic Gardens
- The preservation and careful management of the environment and natural resources
- In-Situ conservation
- Types of biodiversity
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