Biochemistry Chapter 1: Life & Thermodynamics
- Created by: AnoushkaReeves
- Created on: 08-05-22 19:41
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- Life & Water
- Stages Of Chemical Evolution:
- Stage 1: Organic molecules, like amino acids and nucleotides, were formed first and the precursors to all life
- Stage 2: Simple organic molecules were synthesized into complex molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins,
- Stage 3: Complex molecules are enclosed by membranous structures that lead to the cell-like structure formation, Stage 4: Cell characteristics became more defined as the membranous structures became more chemically selective and developed unique properties.
- Stage 2: Simple organic molecules were synthesized into complex molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins,
- Stage 1: Organic molecules, like amino acids and nucleotides, were formed first and the precursors to all life
- A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
- A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
- It took randomly assembling molecules through complementarity to make more complex molecules and those that were more organized and able to self-replicate accurately were favored in natural selection.
- Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation (a process known as natural selection). Over time, as generations of individuals with the trait continue to reproduce, the advantageous trait becomes increasingly common in a population, making the population different than an ancestral one. Sometimes the population becomes so different that it is considered a new species.
- Nucleus DNA Storage Mitochondrion Energy production Ribosome Protein synthesis Rough ER Protein production and modification Smooth ER Lipid production and Detoxification Golgi apparatus Protein transportation and export Peroxisome Lipid breakdown; redox reactions Lysosome Protein destruction Cell wall Structural support and protection (plant cell) Cytosol Cellular fluid Chloroplast Photosynthesis (plant cell) Vacuole Storage and water regulation (plant cell)
- 1st: Energy is conserved; it can be neither created nor destroyed 2nd: Spontaneous processes increase the disorder of the universe
- Entropy:Measure of a system's disorder. Entropy increases as temperature increases. Entropy increases as volume increases.
- The Standard State Conditions are: 1 atm pressure, 1M concentration, 25 degrees (298 K)
- Stages Of Chemical Evolution:
- Metabolic pathways evolved to synthesize molecules and generate energy.
- Compartmentation of cells promotes efficiency by maintaining high local concentrations of reactants.
- Life & Water
- Stages Of Chemical Evolution:
- Stage 1: Organic molecules, like amino acids and nucleotides, were formed first and the precursors to all life
- Stage 2: Simple organic molecules were synthesized into complex molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins,
- Stage 3: Complex molecules are enclosed by membranous structures that lead to the cell-like structure formation, Stage 4: Cell characteristics became more defined as the membranous structures became more chemically selective and developed unique properties.
- Stage 2: Simple organic molecules were synthesized into complex molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins,
- Stage 1: Organic molecules, like amino acids and nucleotides, were formed first and the precursors to all life
- A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
- A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
- It took randomly assembling molecules through complementarity to make more complex molecules and those that were more organized and able to self-replicate accurately were favored in natural selection.
- Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation (a process known as natural selection). Over time, as generations of individuals with the trait continue to reproduce, the advantageous trait becomes increasingly common in a population, making the population different than an ancestral one. Sometimes the population becomes so different that it is considered a new species.
- Nucleus DNA Storage Mitochondrion Energy production Ribosome Protein synthesis Rough ER Protein production and modification Smooth ER Lipid production and Detoxification Golgi apparatus Protein transportation and export Peroxisome Lipid breakdown; redox reactions Lysosome Protein destruction Cell wall Structural support and protection (plant cell) Cytosol Cellular fluid Chloroplast Photosynthesis (plant cell) Vacuole Storage and water regulation (plant cell)
- 1st: Energy is conserved; it can be neither created nor destroyed 2nd: Spontaneous processes increase the disorder of the universe
- Entropy:Measure of a system's disorder. Entropy increases as temperature increases. Entropy increases as volume increases.
- The Standard State Conditions are: 1 atm pressure, 1M concentration, 25 degrees (298 K)
- Stages Of Chemical Evolution:
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