bio 1,2,3,5
- Created by: Simbaaax
- Created on: 11-06-17 02:42
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- Bio 1,2,3,5
- Module 2
- TEM= 0,0002 +x1,000,000
- golgi- makes lysosomes, new lipids and proteins packed
- rough ER, large SA for ribosomes, fold & process protein
- prokaryotes= circular DNA, no nucleus, pollysaccaride cell wall, flagella, no membrane bound organelles
- rough ER, large SA for ribosomes, fold & process protein
- carbs- glycogen= polysac, store in animals, short +branches, liver + muscle cells
- carbs- cellulose, B glucose, chains, microfibrils, macrofibrils. 1,4 glycosidic, 180o
- carbs - starch, insoluble (storage :)), long straight amylose + branched amylopectin, store in chloroplasts
- triglycerides= lipids, macromolecules, ester bonds via esterification (condesation reaction) Break bond via hydrolysis// energy storage,long HC chains release tres energy, insoluble
- cholestrol; polar hydroxyl group, flattened
- fibrous protein ; strong, insoluble, e.g.collagen, keratin, elastin
- RNA- ribose sugar, uracil replace thymine, single chain
- Module 5
- Excretion
- Metabolic waste = CO2 and nitrogenous waste
- Kupffer cells= remove bacteria + break down old RBC's
- reflexes: BLINKING; optical+corneal = cranial, rapid, can be inhibited
- reflex; KNEE JERK, spinal, slower, cant be inhibited
- reflexes: BLINKING; optical+corneal = cranial, rapid, can be inhibited
- Functions of liver= convert excess glucose to glycogen + stores as granules, break down excess aa
- Excess aa = deamination = NH2 removed, form NH3 and organic acid. Organic acid respired to ATP or carbs. NH3 + CO2 into ornithine cycle
- Ornithine cycle = NH3 + CO2 -> citrulline + H20 (via carbomoyl phosphase) (Happens in liver mitochondria). Citrulline + NH3 to arginine + H2O via ATP. Arginine + H2O to ornithine and urea. Ornithine keeps cycle going (Happen in cytoplasm of hepatocytes)
- liver
- Excess aa = deamination = NH2 removed, form NH3 and organic acid. Organic acid respired to ATP or carbs. NH3 + CO2 into ornithine cycle
- 1) blood from renal artery 2) ultrafiltration 3) selective readsorption in PCT 4) unwanted stuff removed via tubules to ureter then urethra 5) filtered blood leaves via renal vein
- Selective reabsorption: PCT has microvilli for large S.A.. Glucose, aa, vitamins + salts reabsorbed via A.T and facilitated D Urine= water, dissolved salts, urea, hormones, excess vitamins
- Kidney failure- detect via glomerular filtration rate (low = bad)
- Neuronal communication
- action potentials : resting potential, generator (-55mV), threshold, depolarisation, actional potential (self perpetuating - continues indefinetly), repolarisation, hyperpolarisation, return to resting, refractory period (impossible to stimulate)
- acclimatisation= running out of vesicles, =fatigued
- summation= finely tuned response, spatial (several) or temporal (repeated)
- action potentials : resting potential, generator (-55mV), threshold, depolarisation, actional potential (self perpetuating - continues indefinetly), repolarisation, hyperpolarisation, return to resting, refractory period (impossible to stimulate)
- Hormonal communication
- protein + peptide (aa e,.g. adrenaline) or steroid (sex e.g. oestrogen)
- steroids enter cell +direct effect on DNA
- adrenaline = polar
- steroids enter cell +direct effect on DNA
- adrenal glands= adrenaline receptor associated w/ enzyme on inner surface = adenyl cyclase (converts atp to cyclic AMP) cAMP = second messenger
- adrenal medulla = catecholamine hormomes , pain+shock, relax s muscle in bronchioles, more glycogen to glucose, short term e.g. adrenaline + noradrenaline
- adrenal cortex= e.g. cortisol +aldosterone, short + long term, cholestrol to produce steroid hormones. mineralcorticoids = conc of Na+/K+ in blood (blood pressure). Glucocorticoids = control metabolism of carbs + proteins in liver, suppress immune system
- capsule 3 layers; zona reticularis (inner, precursor for sex hormones) , zona fasiculata (mid- secrete glucocorticoids), zona glomerulosa (outer, mineralcorticoids)
- pancreatic duct = amylase, lipase, trypsinogen
- insulin = more glucose channels to cell mambrane, more glycogenesis, more glucose in respiration
- regulating insulin= B cells have Ca2+ and K+ ion chanels in membrane (-70mV) K+ usually open & out, Ca usually closed. Glucose high, dissolves in cells, atp conc high K+ channels close, potential diff change, Ca2+ open, secretion of vesicles insulin; exocytosis
- treat diabetes mellitus: stem cells, genetically engineered, low risk infection + rejection
- protein + peptide (aa e,.g. adrenaline) or steroid (sex e.g. oestrogen)
- plant responses; biotic= living
- Auxins = promote cell elongation, inhibit side shoot, inhibit leaf abscission cytokinins = promote cell division gibberellins= seed germination, grow stems abscisic acid = inhibit seed germination + growth, stomatal closure when stress (low H2O), ethene= fruit ripens
- nastic responses = non-directional responses
- synergy = hormones amplify eachothers effect
- plant growth - meristems; apical, lateral bud, lateral, intercalary (between nodes)
- cell division closest to apex, cell elongation behind apex, cell elongation proportional to auxin conc
- auxin work= active transport H+ via ATPase in plasma membrane in cell wall. low pH= optimum for wall loosening exnymes (expansins); break bonds in cellulose, low pH disrupts H bonds in cellulose, wall less rigid & expands as cell takes in h2o
- commercial use = auxins (cuttings, seedless fruit, herbicides). gibberellins (fruit product, brewing, sugar product, plant breeding), cytokinins (delay senescence, tissue culture) ethene (fruit ripening, female sex expression)
- auxin work= active transport H+ via ATPase in plasma membrane in cell wall. low pH= optimum for wall loosening exnymes (expansins); break bonds in cellulose, low pH disrupts H bonds in cellulose, wall less rigid & expands as cell takes in h2o
- cell division closest to apex, cell elongation behind apex, cell elongation proportional to auxin conc
- nastic responses = non-directional responses
- Auxins = promote cell elongation, inhibit side shoot, inhibit leaf abscission cytokinins = promote cell division gibberellins= seed germination, grow stems abscisic acid = inhibit seed germination + growth, stomatal closure when stress (low H2O), ethene= fruit ripens
- Photosynthesis
- coloured substances absorb light energy at diff wavelengths, attached to proteins in thylakoid// photosystem = protein + pigment
- accessory pigment = surround reaction centres +transfer light enegry to boost enegry to e- excitement
- cyclic photophosphorylation = only produces ATP, only uses PS1
- Calvin cycle- in stroma, uses= starting synth of carbs, lipids, aa. Recycling TP for RuBP supply. 6 turns of calvin makes 1 hexose sugar.
- factors affecting photosynthesis: light intensity, temp, CO2
- muscles
- skeletal = many nuclei, striated.
- smooth = one nucleus, spindlel, unconscious, dont fatigue
- cardiac = myogenic, one nucleus, intercalated disks, dont fatigue
- Excretion
- Module 2
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