Behavioural and Biological Perspectives
- Created by: meg_lou
- Created on: 28-04-17 14:12
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- Behavioural and Biological Perspectives
- Behavioural
- What is it?
- Permanent change in one's behaviour due to experience
- Associative learning in different situations = situationism
- Personality a product of learned associations
- Watson (1913)
- Little Albert - induced fear of rat
- 'Give me a dozen healthy infants...'
- Pavlov (1927)
- Acquisition of a response by associating two events which occur together (classical conditioning)
- Personality a result of conditioned responses
- Skinner's operant conditioning
- Rewards and punishments influence behaviour
- Positive and negative reinforcements strengthen the response
- Shaping - each time reinforcing closer approximations to target behaviour
- Extinction - disappearance of previously learned behaviour
- Behaviour therapies
- Based on unlearning undesirable behaviour
- Modelling based on observational learning
- SD and AT based on classical conditioning
- Behaviour modification, time out and token economy based on operant conditioning
- Based on unlearning undesirable behaviour
- Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray, 1964)
- Behavioural activation system (BAS) = motivation to get rewards
- More active in E's
- Behavioural Inhibition system (BIS) = motivation to escape a situation
- More active in N's
- Behavioural activation system (BAS) = motivation to get rewards
- What is it?
- Biological
- Early thoughts
- Body fluids related to personality
- Blood = sanguine (positive)
- Black bile = melancholic
- Yellow bile = choleric (irritable)
- Phlegm = phlegmatic (unemotional)
- Sheldon's body types
- Endomorph (overweight) - sociable
- Ectomorph (skinny) - introverted
- Mesomorph (muscular) - adventurous
- Ectomorph (skinny) - introverted
- Endomorph (overweight) - sociable
- Body fluids related to personality
- Evolution
- Natural selection - adaptation for reproductive success through traits which help in acquiring resources etc.
- Involves activity, energy output, fearfulness, impulsivity, sociability, nurturance, aggressiveness and dominance
- Molecular genetics
- Identifies specific genes which influence behaviour
- IGF2 gene twice as common in high intelligence children (Plomin, 1998)
- Low levels of serotonin in ASPD
- 6 genes linked to intelligence but only accounts for 0.4% of variation in intelligence between individuals (Plomin, 2007)
- Cortical arousal theory (Eysenck, 1985)
- Biological basis for E and N
- Introverts reach positive hedonic tone with low levels of stimulation, opposite to extraverts
- EEG measures from reticular activating system
- Neuropsychology
- Gender differences in emotional competency
- Creativity has right brain dominance
- Modification is possible through neuroplasticity, mindfulness and brain training
- Somatic treatments
- Overactivity of chemical neurotransmitters, genetic or neurological causes
- Psychosurgery - tissue destroyed between frontal lobe and thalamus, now more specific areas
- ECT
- Drug therapy
- For anxiety, to depress CNS
- For depression, to prevent serotonin reuptake
- For SZ, to reduce dopamine activity
- Early thoughts
- Quantitative Genetics
- Bouchard & McGue (1981)
- MZ twins more similar on E and N than DZ twins or siblings
- MZ twins together .86, MZ apart .72
- MZ twins more similar on E and N than DZ twins or siblings
- Assesses relative influence genetics and environment on intelligence and personality
- Jensen intelligence is 80% genetic
- High similarity between MZ twins on types of troubles and divorce risk
- Flynn effect
- Bouchard & McGue (1981)
- Behavioural
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