B4 - organising animals and plants

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  • Created by: Inaya_oxo
  • Created on: 03-11-16 19:42
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  • B4 - Organising Animals and Plants
    • B4.1 - The Blood
      • Plasma
        • it is what blood is based on
        • yellow liquid
        • transports cells and other substances around the body
      • Platelets
        • small fragments off cells
        • helps blood to clot when there is a wound
        • have no nucleus
      • Red blood cells
        • picks up oxygen and takes it to where its needed
        • have no nucleus
        • biconcave disks
      • White Blood cells
        • have a nucleus
        • form antibodies and are part of the body's defence system
    • B4.2 - The Blood Vessels
      • Arteries
        • carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the other organs
        • you can feel this as a pulse
        • thick walls that contain muscles and elastic fibres
      • Viens
        • carries blood from the organs to the heart
        • does not have a pulse
        • thin walls to prevent backflow of blood
      • Capillaries
        • links the arteries and viens
        • narrow and have thin walls for efficient diffusion
      • double circulatory system
        • one carries blood from your heart to your lungs and back
        • one carries blood from your heart to the rest of the organs and back
    • B4.3 - The Heart
      • As a pump
        • the heart has 4 chambers
        • ventricles pump blood out of the heart
        • the blood comes from the veins into the artia
          • then through the valve  and into the ventricles
            • then out through the arteries
      • Problems with blood flow
        • coronary heart disease can occur causing the heart muscle to become narrow
          • can be because of the fatty build up on the lining of the muscles
    • B4.4 - Helping The Heart
      • Leaky valve
        • over time may not open or close properly
        • makes people breathless and eventually die
      • Artificial pacemaker
        • if the heart beats to slowly not enough oxygen can be passed
          • if its to fast it cant pump blood properly
        • sends strong electric signals to the heart to allow it to beat properly
      • Artificial Heart
        • needed when the heart fails completely
        • used to give a diseased heart a rest
    • B4.5 - Breathing and Gas Exchange
      • Breathing in
        • 1) as the ribs move up the diaphragm flattens
          • volume in the chest increases
        • 2) bigger volume means lower pressure in the chest
        • air moves into the lungs
      • Breathing out
        • 1) as the ribs fall the diaphragm rises
          • the volume in the chest decreases
        • 2) decreased volume means increased pressure in the test
        • 3) air moves out of the lungs
      • Gas exchange system
        • the lungs are protected by the ribcage
        • separated from the digestive system by the diophragm
          • the diaphragm is a sheet of strong muscle
        • system moves air in and out of your lungs
        • allows efficient exchange in the alvioli
      • Adaptations of alvioli
        • made in clusters which means a big surface area
          • allows the diffusion of gas to become quicker
        • rich supply of blood cappilaries
          • maintains a concentration gradient in both directions
    • B5.6 - Tissues and Organs in Plants
      • Plant Tissues
        • Epidermal tissue covers the surface of the leave and protects it
          • produces a waxy substance which is waterproof
        • palisade mesophyll produce lots of chloroplast
          • spongey mesophyll also contains some chloroplast
            • also has big air sacs with large surface areas for diffusion
      • Plant organs
        • plant tissues are arranged to form organs
          • the stem leaves and roots are also organs
        • each organ carries out a specific function
      • Plant organ systems
        • the whole body forms an organ system
        • plant organ systems are the biggest in the living world
        • all organs move substances around the plant
    • B4.7 - Transport Systems in Plants
      • Ploem
        • transports sugars
          • vital for respiation
          • provides materials for growth
        • moves from the leaves to the rest of the plant
        • moves where new plant cells are needed to be made
        • also moved to storage organs for winter
        • it is a live tissue
        • movement is called traslocation
        • found in a ring under the bark
      • Xylem
        • carries water and mineral ions
          • needed to produce protein and other molecules
        • moves from the soil to the rest of the plant
        • the mature cells are dead
        • makes up most of a tree's bark
    • B4.8 - Evaporation and Transpiration
      • Evaporation
        • as there is water leaving the leaf more water is entering through the xylem
        • the movement of water is called transpiration steam
        • anything that effects the rate of evaporation also effects the rate of transpiration
      • Transpiration
        • 1) when the stomata open the plants loose water vapour
        • 2) the water vapour then evaporates from the lining of the air sacs
        • 3) the water vapour then leaves the leaf through the stomata by diffusion
        • transpiration is the loss of water vapour
        • stomata are pores on the leaf
        • it is important for plants to close their stomata so that less water vapour is lost
        • hot, dry and windy conditions make the process faster
          • this is because more water evaporates and diffusion happens faster
          • as temperature increases the molecules move faster which means diffusion is faster

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