B2 - Keeping Healthy
- Created by: eloisa_braith
- Created on: 23-03-15 19:58
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- B2 - Keeping Healthy
- Microorganisms & Disease
- Microorganisms
- Very small
- Bacteria
- Bacteria > viruses
- Reproduce every 20 minutes
- Right conditions:
- Warmth
- Moisture
- Nutrients
- Right conditions:
- Viruses
- Bacteria > viruses
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Very small
- Symptoms of disease are caused by:
- Damage to cells when microorganisms reproduce
- Poisons made by microorganisms
- Diseases are often caught due to:
- Poor diet
- Poor hygiene
- Overcrowded housing
- Microorganisms
- Immune System
- Parts of body that fight infection
- Body's natural defenders = White Blood Cells
- One type engulfs bacteria and digests them
- Worn-out white blood cells, dead bacteria & broke cells = pus
- Shows infection is being faught
- Body makes antibodies
- Match antigen markers on invading antigen
- This kills the bacteria / fungi
- These can change often so body has to make new antibodies
- This is why we get a lot of colds
- Never same antigens
- This is why we get a lot of colds
- Memory cells cause antibodies to stay in blood
- Provides quicker action next time
- Immune
- Provides quicker action next time
- Match antigen markers on invading antigen
- Vaccinations
- Dead / inactive cells added to body
- Makes body create antibodies
- DON'T catch the disease
- White blood cells digest
- Makes body create antibodies
- Not 100% successful
- Dead / inactive cells added to body
- Antimicrobials
- Will kill viruses, bacteria & fungi
- Used at home
- eg. bleach
- Used at home
- Antifungal chemicals
- Will kill fungi
- Antibiotics
- Will kill bacteria & fungi
- Must only be used when needed
- Body will become resistant to them so won't work when they're actually needed
- Should always be finished
- Otherwise some mircroorganisms will stay alive
- Becoming more resistant to antibiotics
- Otherwise some mircroorganisms will stay alive
- Will kill viruses, bacteria & fungi
- Drug Trials
- Stage 1
- Human cells grown in lab
- Tests effectiveness & safety on various cells
- Human cells grown in lab
- Stage 2
- Animal tests
- Tests effectiveness on whole animals
- Animal tests
- Stage 3
- Human trials
- Healthy volunteers
- Tests for safety
- Volunteers with the disease
- Tests for ffectiveness & safety
- Long-term volunteers
- Tests for no long-term side affects
- Open-label trials
- Both doctor & patient know who's getting drug/ who's control
- Double-blind trials
- Neither doctor nor patients know who's getting drug/ who's control
- Blind trials
- Doctor knows who's getting drug/ who's cotrol but patients don't
- Healthy volunteers
- Human trials
- Stage 1
- Circulation
- Heart & blood vessels supply blood to body
- Heart = 4 chambers
- Upper two = receive blood
- Lower two = pump blood around body
- Heart attack
- How?
- Fat build up in coronary arteries
- Forms blood clot
- Stops blood carrying oxgen & food to heart
- Forms blood clot
- Fat build up in coronary arteries
- Preventing?
- Reduce fatty foods
- Excerise regularly
- Lose weight
- Reduce stress
- Stop smoking
- How?
- Taking blood pressure
- ?/? / \ high low
- Low no. = pressure when heart relaxes
- High no. = pressure when heart contracts
- ?/? / \ high low
- Homeostasis
- Maintaining a constant internal environment
- eg. keep correct water/salt levels
- eg, remove toxic wsste
- eg. control of nutrient levels
- Control systems
- Receptor
- Detects stimuli
- Processing centre
- Receives info, makes response
- Effector
- Produces automatic response
- Natural controls
- Sweating when hot - eternal temperature / excrising
- Negative feedback
- Sweating when hot - eternal temperature / excrising
- Artificial controls
- Incubator -- temperature increase / decrease to keep a comfortable temperature for baby
- Negative feedback
- Incubator -- temperature increase / decrease to keep a comfortable temperature for baby
- Receptor
- Maintaining a constant internal environment
- Water Content
- Input - drinks, food, repiration
- Output - Sweating, breathing, faeces
- Kidneys
- Filter small molecules from blood
- eg. water, sugar, salt & waste
- Reabsorb things & what isn;t absorbed is stored in bladder
- eg. sugar, water, salt
- Concentration reabsorbed is caused by ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) released into blood stream by purity gland
- Less ADH released when water content is too high so less water is reabsorbed
- The more water absorbed by kidneys, the less urine
- Alcohol causes dehydration - less water is reabsorbed
- More ADH released when water content is to low so more water is reabsorbed
- The more water absorbed by kidneys, the less urine
- Less ADH released when water content is too high so less water is reabsorbed
- Filter small molecules from blood
- Microorganisms & Disease
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