Biology unit 2
- Created by: katielouisew97
- Created on: 24-04-14 19:51
View mindmap
- B2
- Respiration
- Cells
- Animal cells
- Nucleus
- controls cell activity
- Cytoplasm
- Where most chemical reactions take place
- Mitochondria
- Most energy is released by respiration here
- Cell membrane
- Controls the movement of substance in and out the cell
- Ribosomes
- When protein synthesis takes place
- Nucleus
- Plant cells
- cell wall
- Strengthens the cell
- chloroplasts
- Contain chlorophyll which helps plant absorb light in photosynthesis
- permanent vacuole
- filled with cell sap
- cell wall
- Bacterial cells
- Do not include a nucleus
- A single celled organism
- Has cytoplasm, cell wall and cell membrane
- Yeast
- Have cell wall, membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
- Animal cells
- Tissues, organs and organ systems
- Multicellur organisms usually contain differentiated cells adapted for specific functions
- Tissues consist of a group of similar cells working together.
- muscular
- helps muscles contract and bring movement
- churns food in the stomach and other contents
- helps muscles contract and bring movement
- Glandular
- Produces substances like enzymes and hormones
- produces digestive juices like acids and enzymes
- Pancreas and salivary glands
- produces digestive juices like acids and enzymes
- Produces substances like enzymes and hormones
- epithelial
- covers some parts of body
- covers inner and outer surfaces of stomach
- covers some parts of body
- liver
- produces bile which emulsifies fats so they are prepared for digestion
- small intenstine
- digests and absorbs soluble food
- Large intestine
- absorbs water from insoluble food producing faeces
- muscular
- Tissues consist of a group of similar cells working together.
- Organs contain different tissues that work together to perform functions
- Differentiationis when cells become a specialized cell
- Multicellur organisms usually contain differentiated cells adapted for specific functions
- Proteins-their functions and uses
- Proteins are made from long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids
- Enzymes are biological catalysts and also proteins
- If the shape of the enzyme has been changed then it may no longer work and denatures.
- There activity is greatest at their optimum temperatures and pH values
- structural components of tissues(such as muscles)
- Hormones such as insulin
- Antibodies-part of the bodies immune system
- Biological catalysts
- Increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up
- Enzymes allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where a substrate molecule fits is called the active site.
- Enzymes can be denatured by high temperatures or extreme pH
- Enzymes allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where a substrate molecule fits is called the active site.
- Increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up
- The digestive system
- Amylase turns starch into sugars
- Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
- Pro tease turns protein into amino acids
- Stomach, Pancreas and small intestine
- Breaks down proteins
- Protease is used in baby food to pre digest the proteins
- Lipase turns lipid into fatty acids and glycerol
- Pancreas and small intestine
- Breaks down fats
- Pancreas and small intestine
- Bile nuetralises acidic food in the small intestine
- Produced by liver and stored in the gall bladder
- Carbohydrase
- Breaks down carbs
- used to convert starch syrup used for sport drinks
- Breaks down carbs
- Imsomerase
- used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup. used in slimming foods
- Amylase turns starch into sugars
- Enzymes are biological catalysts and also proteins
- Proteins are made from long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids
- Organisms and their environment
- Factors affecting distribution of organisms
- Temperature
- Amount of light
- Available water
- Available nutrients
- Availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Transects are a line that is placed across a certain area measuring the distribution of organisms
- Quadrats are squares used for random sampling or placed along a transect
- The validity increases along with the reproducible when the results from the quadrats are analysed
- Factors affecting distribution of organisms
- speciation
- The fossil record is incomplete. There is a good fossil record for the evolution of the horse
- The horse evolved its feet as the horse used to be the size of a dog and have multiple toes however as evolution occurred the horse's feet changed into single-toed hooves suitable for running.
- Fossils are the preserved or traces of dead organisms
- The fossil record is incomplete. There is a good fossil record for the evolution of the horse
- The horse evolved its feet as the horse used to be the size of a dog and have multiple toes however as evolution occurred the horse's feet changed into single-toed hooves suitable for running.
- Fossils can be formed from:
- Hard body parts such as bones and shells which cannot decay easily or are replaced by other materials as they decay
- Parts of organisms that have not decayed. These can be preserved in hardened tree resin, ice,tar pits or peat bogs
- Casts or impressions such as footprints or burrows. These can become covered by layers of sediment which eventually become rock.
- The fossil record is incomplete. There is a good fossil record for the evolution of the horse
- Individuals who are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. Species that aren't adapted to their environment may become extinct
- some factors can cause species to become extinct
- New diseases
- New predators
- New competitors
- Changes to the environment
- A catastrophic event
- some factors can cause species to become extinct
- Speciation is the form of new species in the course of evolution
- New species can form if they become isolated.Two populations of a species can become separated.
- New species can arise as a result of
- Genetic variation- where a population has a large range of alleles that control their characteristics
- Natural selection
- speciation- where the populations become so different they cannot interbreed.
- New species can arise as a result of
- The fossil record is incomplete. There is a good fossil record for the evolution of the horse
- Cell division and inheritenance
Comments
No comments have yet been made