B2 - Keeping Healthy
- Created by: em198
- Created on: 25-03-14 16:47
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- B2
- Microorganism and disease
- Viruses
- smallest microorganism
- needs a host body
- Bacteria
- single celled
- No nucleus
- most don't cause disease
- can't be seen with naked eye
- Symptoms of infectous disease
- Once inside the body, mircoorganisms reproduce
- damage cells
- bursting them (lysis)
- produce toxins
- Once damage reaches certain level, symptons appear.
- Viruses
- Fighting Infection and Body Defences
- Physical barriers
- Skin
- Has to be cut to allow entry
- Sweat
- Antimicrobial properties (chemicals that kill bacteria)
- Eye
- Protected by chemicals in tears
- Stomach
- Stomach acid sterilises food, killing microorganisms.
- Skin
- Immune Response
- Neutrophils
- White blood cell
- Moves around body in bloodstream
- Engulfs microorganisms and digests them.
- Non-specific behaviour.
- B-Cells
- They make antibodies
- Specific behaviour
- Target the same organism if it re-invades
- Memory cells
- Antibodies and Antigens
- They make antibodies
- Unique markers
- Made out of protien
- Antigens
- Antibodies produced by B-Cells only fit onto one particular type of antigen
- Once antibodies are attached to the antigens of the invading cells, white blood cells come along and consume them
- This process allows the immune sytem to act fast if it re-infects
- Gives immunity for future
- Once antibodies are attached to the antigens of the invading cells, white blood cells come along and consume them
- This process allows the immune sytem to act fast if it re-infects
- Gives immunity for future
- Gives immunity for future
- This process allows the immune sytem to act fast if it re-infects
- Once antibodies are attached to the antigens of the invading cells, white blood cells come along and consume them
- Gives immunity for future
- This process allows the immune sytem to act fast if it re-infects
- Neutrophils
- Physical barriers
- Vaccination
- Helps body develop long-term immunity
- producing antibodies
- HOW THEY WORK:
- 1) Injection of vaccine - A safe from of the disease causing microorganism injected.
- 2) Immune response triggered - white blood cells produce antibodies
- 3) Memory cells remain in body - they patrol body, waiting for re-infection.
- To prevent epidemic - vaccinate as many people as possible
- Risks
- Genetic differences
- Many react different ways
- side effects
- Balance side effects with risk of getting disease
- Genetic differences
- Testing Drugs and Vaccines
- Tested for safety and effectiveness.
- Tests are carried out on human cells in laboratories *
- Tests are carried out on animals *
- Clinical trials carried out after inital tests *
- On healthy volunteers to test for safety
- On people with the illness to test for safety and effectiveness.
- Open Trials/Blind Trials/Double Blind Trials
- Placebos
- Dummy drugs that contain no medication
- Ethical dilemmas.
- Helps body develop long-term immunity
- Antimicrobials and Antibiotics
- Antimicrobials are chemicals that kill bacteria, fungi and viruses.
- Antibiotics are chemicals that are only effective against bacteria.
- Resistance
- Mutations of genes of microorganisms reproduce and pass on the resistance.
- Preventing resistance
- Only prescribe when completely necessary
- Always complete course of antibiotics
- The Circulatory System
- The Heart
- Provides cells with oxygen and dissolved food for respiration
- Blood removes carbon dioxide and water as waste products
- It's a double pump because blood returns to it twice.
- Mainly made up of muscle cells.
- Heart Disease
- Caused by lifestyle or genetic factors.
- Lifestyle factors: poor diet, cigarette smoking, drugs, stress
- Fatty deposits bulid up in the blood vessels.
- Restricts blood flow, so muscle cells don't get enough oxygen and nutrients
- This causes heart attacks
- Restricts blood flow, so muscle cells don't get enough oxygen and nutrients
- Reducing Risk
- Don't smoke
- Reduce salt intake
- Maintain healthy body weight
- Monitor cholesterol levels
- Caused by lifestyle or genetic factors.
- Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
- Arteries
- Carry blood away from the heart, towards the organs
- Nothing can pass through their walls.
- Veins
- Carry blood from the organs, back to the heart.
- Things can't pass through their walls.
- Capillaries
- Narrow, thin-walled vessels.
- Allow blood to move through one cell at a time.
- Dissolved gases and nutrients can move out of it into surrounding cells.
- Arteries
- Homeostasis
- The maintenance of a constant internal environment
- Uses nervous system and hormones to control process
- Receptors - to detect changes
- Processing Centres - to recieve info and coordinate responses
- Effectors - produce response
- Water Balance
- Water gained from drinks, food and respiration.
- Water lost through sweating, breathing, poo and urine.
- The Kidneys
- Filter blood to remove urea, excess salt and glucose.
- 1) Filters small molecules from blood to form urine
- 2) Reabsorbs sugar for resipration
- 3) Reabsorbs as much salt as required.
- 4) Reabsorbs as much water as required.
- 5) Excrets remaining urine.
- 4) Reabsorbs as much water as required.
- 3) Reabsorbs as much salt as required.
- 2) Reabsorbs sugar for resipration
- Too low - more water reabsorbed.
- Too high - urine more watery.
- ADH
- Released by pituitary gland.
- If water level is too low, ADH released.
- Concentrated urine.
- Water reabsorbed.
- Water level too high - its not released.
- Less permeable, dilute urine.
- The Heart
- Microorganism and disease
- Effect of Alcohol
- Greater volume of dilute, watery urine.
- Dehydration - headaches.
- ADH supressed
- Effect of Ecstasy
- Increase heart rate and blood pressure
- Causes errors of monitoring water content.
- Brain fails to send messages to kidneys to get rid of extra water.
- Concentrated when should be dilute.
- Water can't escape, cells swell up, get crushed against the brian and die. This may cause death.
- Effects of Cannabis and Nicotine
- Effect of Ecstasy
- Increase heart rate and blood pressure
- Causes errors of monitoring water content.
- Brain fails to send messages to kidneys to get rid of extra water.
- Concentrated when should be dilute.
- Water can't escape, cells swell up, get crushed against the brian and die. This may cause death.
- Increases heart rate.
- Cannabis - reduces blood pressure.
- Nicotine - increases blood pressure.
- Effect of Ecstasy
- Effects of Cannabis and Nicotine
- Increases heart rate.
- Cannabis - reduces blood pressure.
- Nicotine - increases blood pressure.
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