B1
- Created by: KatrinaAnnMarie
- Created on: 26-10-15 10:00
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- B1
- Blood pressure
- High blood pressure
- Factors increasing blood pressure
- Smoking
- Overweight
- Alcohol
- Stress
- Reducing blood pressure
- Regular exercsie
- Balanced diet
- MEdication
- Causes
- Blood vessels to burst
- Brain damage
- Kidney damage
- Strokes
- Factors increasing blood pressure
- Low blood pressure
- Poor circulation
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Smoking and blood pressure
- Carbon monoxide
- combines with haemoglobin
- Haemoglobin in red blood cells
- Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity
- Increases heart rate - increases blood pressure
- Nicotine
- Increases heart rate
- Carbon monoxide
- Poor diet and blood pressure
- Saturated fats - cholesterol build up
- Cholesterol is a fatty substance
- Cholesterol is used to make cell membranes
- Cholesterol builds up in your arteries - too much
- Build up of cholesterol forms plaques - narrow arteries.
- Plaques restrict blood flow - heart attacks
- Salt
- Too much - high blood pressure
- High blood pressure increases risk of damage to arteries
- Damage can lead to plques
- Plaques restrict blood flow - heart attacks
- Damage can lead to plques
- Saturated fats - cholesterol build up
- Narrow arteries
- Heart supplied by coronary arteries
- restrics blood flow to heart
- A thrombosis (blood clot) restricts blood flow
- If heart is cut off from blood supply - heart attack
- High blood pressure
- Eating healthily
- Balanced diet
- Carbohydrate
- simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
- stored in liver as glycogen or converted to fats
- Provide energy
- Fats
- Provide energy
- Act as an energy store
- provide insulation
- Fatty acids and glycerol
- Stored under skin or around organs (adipose tissue)
- Proteins
- Needed for growth and repair
- Provide energy in emergencies
- Amino acids
- Not stored
- Vitamins and minerals
- Various functions
- Vitamin C - prevent scurvy
- Iron - needed to make haemoglobin
- Water
- Prevents dehydration
- Carbohydrate
- Reasons for different diets
- Religious reasons
- Hindus don't eat meat
- Personal reasons
- Vegetarians or vegans
- Medical reasons
- Allergies or intolerance
- Religious reasons
- Diet problems
- Kwashiorkor
- Too little protein
- Common in developing countries
- Overpopulation and lack of money
- EAR
- Teenagers need more protein for growing
- Pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers
- More protein to produce milk and to help the foetus
- Eating disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
- Self starvation
- Poor self image
- Low self esteem
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge eating
- Poor self image
- Low self esteem
- lead to tooth decay - stomach acid
- Hosts for other diseases
- Liver failure
- Kidney failure
- heart attacks
- muscle wastage
- low blood pressure
- mineral deficiencies
- Anorexia nervosa
- Kwashiorkor
- Balanced diet
- Infectious Diseases
- Pathogens - micro organisms that cause disease
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Malaria
- Caused by protozoan
- Carried by mosquitoes
- A parasite - lives off another organism (a host)
- Mosquitoes are vectors
- They carry the disease without getting it
- Stopping the spread of malaria
- Draining water
- Spraying water with insecticides
- Fish introduced to eat mosquito larvae
- Mosquito nets
- Immune system
- Consumes
- White blood cells engulf and digest
- Producing anitbodies
- Pathogens have unique molecules on the surface
- White blood cells produce proteins - antibodies
- Antibodies lock onto the pathogen
- Antibodies are produced quickly now
- Some stay in the blood as memory cells
- If the same pathogen invades these cells will kill it - (naturally immune)
- Producing antigens
- Antitoxins counter the effect of toxins
- Consumes
- Immunisation
- Vaccination
- Injecting dead or inactive pathogens
- Your white blood cells produce antibodies
- Some antibodies stay in your blood as memory cells
- active immunity
- Make your own antibodies
- becoming naturally immune
- Usually permenant
- Passive immunity
- Antibodies are made by another organism
- temporary
- Benefits and risk of vaccination
- Short term side effects
- swelling
- Redness
- Some people think they cause other diseases
- MMR - autism
- Prevents spread of disease
- Short term side effects
- Vaccination
- Antibiotics
- Kill bacteria
- Antivirals used to kill viruses
- Some bacteria are naturally resistant
- Misuse can lead to resistance
- over prescribing
- not finishing course
- MRSA
- the hospital 'superbug'
- antibiotic resistant strain
- Pathogens - micro organisms that cause disease
- Cancer
- Benign
- Tumour grows until no more room
- The cells stay where they are
- Not normally dangerous
- Malignant
- tumour grows and can spread
- dangerous and can be fatal
- Reducing risk
- healthy lifestyle
- healthy diet
- not smoking (lung cancer)
- Eating less processed meat (colon cancer)
- Benign
- Drugs
- Computer models
- Simulate a human response
- First
- Not as accurate as live organism
- Human tissues
- Second
- Animals
- Cruel
- But safest way
- Clinical trial
- Two groups
- One given a placebo or best existing treatment
- Allows for the placebo effect
- The other the drug
- One given a placebo or best existing treatment
- Blind
- The patient doesn't know if they are taking the real drug
- Double blind
- Neither doctor or patient know until the results are collected
- Two groups
- Drugs can be beneficial and harmful
- Drugs alter the way the body works
- Some drugs are medically useful
- Drugs are addictive
- When they stop taking the drug - withdrawal symptoms
- Rehabilitation can be used
- Help and support to overcome addiction
- Tolerance can develop
- A higher dose is needed for the same effect
- Types of drugs
- Depressants
- Alcohol
- solvents
- temazepam
- decrease activity of brain
- slows down responses of nervous system
- Slow reactions
- poor judgement of speed and distance
- Dangerous to drive
- Stimulants
- Nicotine
- esctasy
- caffeine
- increase activity of brain
- make you feel alert and awake
- often used to treat depression
- Painkillers
- aspirin
- paracetamol
- reducing the number of stimuli at nerve endings near injury
- Performance enhancers
- anabolic steroirds
- Help build muscle
- They are banned from sport
- Hallucinogens
- LSD
- distort what's seen and heard
- Altering the pathways the brain sends messages along
- Illegal drugs
- Class A, most dangerous
- Class A - LSD, heroin, ecstasy, cocaine
- Class B- cannabis and speed
- Depressants
- Computer models
- Smoking and alcohol
- Smoking
- Heart disease
- Carbon monoxide
- Reduces ozugen carrying capacity of red blood cells
- Carbon monoxide
- Lung, throat, mouth and oesophageal cancer
- Tar collects in lungs
- Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens.
- Carcinogens make mutations in the DNA more likely
- Cell division can get out of control - malignant tumours can form
- Smoker's cough
- Smoking damages cilia on epithlial tissue lining the trachea
- Damages bronchi and bronchioles which encourages production of mucus
- Excess mucus can't be cleared
- Mucus sticks to the air passages, causing smoker's cough
- The lungs lose their elasticity, causing emphysema
- Low birth weight babies
- Low oxygen in blood deprives foetus of oxygen
- Heart disease
- Alcohol
- depressant drug
- reduces activity of nervous system
- People feel less inhibited
- Poisonous
- Broken down by enzymes in the liver
- Too much alcohol can lead to death of liver cells
- Forming scar tissue - cirrhosis
- The liver can't clean blood - dangerous substances build up
- Too much alcohol can lead to death of liver cells
- Causes dehydration
- Drunkness
- Slurred speech
- impaired judgement
- blurred vision
- poor balance
- sleepiness
- Poor coordination
- Smoking
- The Eye
- cornea refracts light into eye
- The iris controls how much light enter the pupil
- The lens refracts light, focusing it on the retina
- The retina is covered in receptors
- rods are sensitive to dim light, not colour
- cones sensitive to different colours
- red-green colour blindness is due to a lack of cone cells
- The optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors to the brain
- Focusing at distant objects
- ciliary muscle relaxes
- suspensory ligaments pull tight
- lens becomes less rounded, light is refracted less
- Focusing at near objects
- Ciliary muscle contracts
- Suspensory ligaments slacken
- Lens becomes more rounded, light is refracted more
- Long sighted
- Unable to focus on near objects
- Lens is the wrong shape
- Lens doesn't bend light enough
- Eyeball is too short
- The images of near objects are focused behind the retina
- Glasses or contact lenses with a convex lens correct it
- Short sighted
- Unable to focus on distant objects
- Lens is wrong shape
- Lens bends light too much
- Eyeball is too long
- The images of distant objects are focused in front of the retina
- Glasses or contacts with a concave lens correct it
- Corneal eye surgery
- Binocular vision
- Two eyes work together
- Your brain compares the images seen by each eye
- The more similarities, the further away
- Allows distance to be judged well
- Narrow field of view
- Neurones and reflexes
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Three types of neurone
- sensory neurones
- When there's a change in environment
- Carry information from receptors to CNS
- relay neurones
- motor neurone
- CNS sends information to an effector (muscle or gland) along a motor neurone
- sensory neurones
- Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory, CNS, Motor, Effector, Response
- The job of the CNS is to coordinate the information
- Reflex actions
- The NS uses electrical impulses for v. quick responses
- Automatic
- The brain isn't involved in a reflex arc
- Sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone which links to a motor neurone
- They have a protective role
- Motor Neurones
- Electrical impulse is passed along the axon
- The connection between two neurones is a synapse
- The impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Homeostatis
- Maintaining a steady internal environment
- Levels of carbon dioxide
- Water content
- Body temperature
- Negative feedback
- Changes in environment cause reponses to counteract that change
- This means internal environment is kept steady
- Body temperature
- Controlled by brain
- Brain contains receptors sensitive to blood temperature
- When you are too hot:
- Hairs lie flate
- Sweat is produced
- Blood vessels close to surface (vasodilation)
- You can get dehydrated, or get heat stroke
- When you are too cold
- Hairs stand on end
- little sweat is produced
- Blood vessels near surface contrict (vasoconstriction)
- You can get hypothermia
- Maintaining a steady internal environment
- Blood pressure
- Sheath along the axon acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the impulse
- They're long, speeds up the impulse
- The chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone
- Stimulant drugs increase the amount of the chemicals, increasing the frequency of impulses
- Depressants bind with receptor molecules in the membrane in the next neurone, blocking impulses
- This decreases brain activity
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