Unit 1 Psychology AS
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- Created on: 09-12-14 12:19
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- Unit 1 Psychology
- Attachment
- Disruption
- Privation
- Failure to form an attachment.
- Case Studies
- Curtis- Genie
- Failed to form attachments with her parents. She was locked in her bedroom tied to either her cot or potty chair.
- Genie was discovered aged 13.
- She had a bunny like walk, she could only say "stopit" & "nomore".
- Her vocabulary improved but she never mastered grammar. She never became a fully functioning adult.
- Koluchova- Czech Twins
- Mother died, looked after by aunt. After 1 year they went to live with their dad. Stepmother locked them in cellar, found aged 7.
- They had rickets, couldn't understand images, no speech.
- Curtis- Genie
- Deprivation
- An attachment has formed but has been either temporarily or permanently disrupted.
- Bowlby 44 thieves (17 thieves experience frequent separation, compared with 2 in control group), 44 emotionally disturbed. 14 thieves were psychopaths, 12/14 experienced separation.
- Robertson & Robertson- 3 stages of separation. protest, despair, detachment.
- Institutionalisation
- Rutter- 100 Romanian orphans. Adopted before 6 months- normal emotional development, after 6 months- disinhibited attachments.
- Hodges & Tizard- 65 children in IC. Some adopted, restored or stayed there. Those restored, lees likely to form attachment with mother.
- Privation
- Learning Theory
- Operant Conditioning
- Skinner's Box
- Learning through consequence.
- Classical Conditioning
- Learning by association
- Pavlov's Dogs
- Harlow's monkeys- Monkey raised in isolation, shown 2 mothers. When scared monkey went to cloth mother (no food)- LT wrong.
- Operant Conditioning
- Bowlby's Evolutionary Theory
- Safety, emotional relationships, secure base for exploration, continuity hypothesis, monotrophy, innate, critical & sensitive period.
- Social releases
- Lorenz- Imprinting
- Types of attachment- Mary Ainsworth
- A- Insecure Avoidant 20%- Infants willing to explore surroundings, indifferent when PCG returns.
- B- Secure 70%- strong & emotional bond with PCG, show stranger anxiety, PCG provides instant comfort.
- C- Insecure Resistant 10%- Infant is a worrier, cries frequently, resistant to comfort.
- D- Disorganised
- Cultural variation
- Israel
- Equal attachments to both caregivers but greater reunion towards mother.
- Germany
- Parents keep a distance from children, hence insecure attachments.
- Uganda
- Sensitive responsive mothers
- Japan
- Infants rarely experience separation.
- Israel
- Day Care
- Sylva- High quality day care, least aggressive.
- Belsky- 30+ hours of day care a week, more aggressive.
- Leach- infants from London who attended day care had worse social development.
- Campbell & Lamb- Long days in day care= less social development. More days but shorter periods, most socially developed.
- Disruption
- Memory
- Memory Improvement Strategies
- Narrative Chaining
- Creating a story.
- Method of Loci
- Hanging information in a familiar place.
- Acronyms
- Words formed out of the first letter of a string of words.
- Narrative Chaining
- EWT
- Anxiety
- Yerkes Dobson Law
- Christianson & Hubinette- 110 witnesses, between them has witnessed 22 bank robberies, some were bystanders, others employess. Employees had more accurate recall.
- Loftus & Burns- Cond. 1- video of robbery, boy was shot. Cond. 2- no shooting.
- Loftus
- Age
- Cohen & Falkner- 10 min video, child was kidnapped, given misleading info, elderly more influenced by MI.
- Poole & Lyndsay- 3-8 year olds read story about science exp. Then told about one. Kids got stories muddled- unreliable EWT's.
- King & Yuille- Video of crime. Kids thought basic things were as important as main features.
- Karpel- Video of robbery. Younger people less influenced by leading questions & had more accurate recall.
- Leading Questions
- Loftus & Palmer- 45 students shown video of car crash.
- Smashed 40.8 mph, collided, bumped, hit, contacted 31.8mph.
- Loftus & Palmer- 45 students shown video of car crash.
- Anxiety
- Cognitive Interview
- Context Reinstatement
- Getting the interviewee to close their eyes and imagine the scene, what they could see etc.
- Report Everything
- Interviewer asks interviewee to report everything they can remember despite how irrelevant it may seem.
- Change Sequence
- Getting the interviewee to recall events in reverse or going back to a certain point, ensures they don't make mistakes.
- Change Perspective
- What someone else might of seen.
- Context Reinstatement
- Multi- Store Model
- Structural theory, unitary stores, linear processing.
- Duration STM- 18-20 seconds, LTM- Lifetime
- Encoding STM- Acoustic, LTM- Semantic
- Capacity STM: 7+/-2 chunks, LTM- Unlimited
- Strengths- real world applications, HM (only remember pre-surgery), serial position curve.
- SPC- PRIMACY: words heard first have been rehearsed so can be recalled from LTM. RECENCY: Words heard last are still in STM.
- Weaknesses- Ignores the importance of processing, simplistic explanation of memory, KF (couldn't process verbal info)
- Working Memory Model
- Visuo Spatial Sketchpad
- Independent, used for planning spatial tasks, concerned with what things look like and the relationship between them.Has a limited capacity.
- Episodic Buffer
- Added by Baddeley in 2000.
- Extra store for information, limited capacity.
- Central Executive
- Controls processes, in charge, deligates, ensures no errors are made, divides attention, sets targets, decision making, coordination.
- Modality free
- Phonological Loop
- Articulatory Loop
- Inner Voice, linked to speech production, verbal rehearsal.
- Phonological Store
- Deals with the perception of sound.
- Inner ear, acoustic, holds info, under control of central executive.
- Articulatory Loop
- Strengths- Real life applications, KF
- Weaknesses- Less informative than MSM, HM
- Visuo Spatial Sketchpad
- Memory Improvement Strategies
- Attachment
- Working Memory Model
- Visuo Spatial Sketchpad
- Independent, used for planning spatial tasks, concerned with what things look like and the relationship between them.Has a limited capacity.
- Episodic Buffer
- Added by Baddeley in 2000.
- Extra store for information, limited capacity.
- Central Executive
- Controls processes, in charge, deligates, ensures no errors are made, divides attention, sets targets, decision making, coordination.
- Modality free
- Phonological Loop
- Articulatory Loop
- Inner Voice, linked to speech production, verbal rehearsal.
- Phonological Store
- Deals with the perception of sound.
- Inner ear, acoustic, holds info, under control of central executive.
- Articulatory Loop
- Strengths- Real life applications, KF
- Weaknesses- Less informative than MSM, HM
- Visuo Spatial Sketchpad
- Operant Conditioning
- Skinner's Box
- Learning through consequence.
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