Attachment Mindmap
- Created by: IsabellaGibbs
- Created on: 18-01-20 17:12
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- Care-giver Interaction in Humans
- Commun ication
- Interactional Synchrony - infant moves in time to carers voice
- Isabella et al. 1989
- infants with secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during the first year of life
- Isabella et al. 1989
- Reciprocity - both carer and infant can produce responses from each other
- Mimicking - infants imitate the facial expressions of carer
- Melzoff + Moor 1977
- infants 2-3 weeks old displayed a tendency to mimic
- Research suggests mimicry is an innate ability
- infants 2-3 weeks old displayed a tendency to mimic
- Melzoff + Moor 1977
- Bodily Contact - physical interactions help to form the attachment bond early
- Klaus + Kennel 1976
- mothers who display greater physical contact were found to cuddle babies more and make greater eye contact
- physical contact leads to an attachment bond that is closer and stronger
- Compared mothers who displayed extended physical contact with their babies with mothers who only contacted with their infants during breastfeeding in the three days afteer birth
- Klaus + Kennel 1976
- Caregiverese - modified vocal language used to speak to an infant
- Papousek et al. 1991
- found that the use of caregiverese was cross-cultural suggesting it is an innate device
- Papousek et al. 1991
- Interactional Synchrony - infant moves in time to carers voice
- Role of the Father
- Attachment with mother most related to teen attachments
- Grossmann (2002)
- Longitudinal study - looking at parents' behaviour and its relationship to the quality of children's attachments into their teens
- Findings: quality of attachment with the father was less important in the attachment type of the teenagers than quality of attachment with the mother
- Conclusion: fathers may be less important in long term emotional development
- Grossmann (2002)
- Father's play is more important - play rather than nurture
- 75% eventually form secondary attachments with father by age of 18 months
- Schaffer/Emerson 1964
- 3% of cases the father was the primary attachment
- Schaffer/Emerson 1964
- Fathers can be primary caregiver
- Field 1978
- Filmed 4 month old babies
- Findings: primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
- Field 1978
- Level of response is important - the key to attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent
- Primary attachment usually with mothers but sometimes both
- Schaffer/Emerson 1964
- 3% of cases the father was the primary attachment
- Schaffer/Emerson 1964
- Attachment with mother most related to teen attachments
- Stages of Attachment
- 3 - Specific Attachment | 7 months
- Show stranger and separation anxiety from a specific adult. Child has formed a specific attachment called the primary attachment figure.
- 4 - Multiple Attachments
- After a month of having a specific attachment, the child forms secondary attachments
- 2 - Indiscriminate Attachment | 2-7 months
- Recognise and prefer familiar adults. Accept conform from any adult. Do not show separation or stranger anxiety.
- 1 - Asocial Stage | birth -2 months
- Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate). At the end of thid stage, the child show preference for being with people.
- Schaffer + Emerson 1964
- 60 babies Glasgow W/C. Visited every month for a year then again at 18 months. Investigated: formation of early attachments, age at which they developed, emotional intensity and to whom they were directed
- Between 25 and 32 weeks 50% of babies showed signs of seperation anxiety towards a particular adult. Attachment tended to be towards the caregiver who was the most interactive. By 40 weeks, 80% of babies had a sepcific attachment and 30% displayed multiple attachments
- 3 - Specific Attachment | 7 months
- Commun ication
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