Attachment mind map
- Created by: Kayliss71
- Created on: 21-05-18 20:22
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- Attachment
- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans
- Sensitive responsiveness- the caregiver responds appropriately to signals from the infant
- Imitation- the infant copies the caregivers actions and behaviours
- Interactional synchrony- infants react in time with the caregivers speech resulting in a 'conversation dance'
- Reciprocity- interaction flows back and forth between the caregiver and infant
- Motherese- the slow, high pitched way of speaking to infants
- Schaffer's stages of attachment
- 1) the pre attachment stage - 0-3 months the baby learns to separate people from objects but have no preference as to who cares for it
- 2) indiscriminate attachment phase- 6 weeks - 7 months infant starts to recognise people. smiling at people they know more
- 3) the discriminate attachment phase - 7-11 months infant can form a strong attachment with an individual. show separation anxiety, joy on arrival and may avoid strangers
- 4) multiple attachment phase- 9 months + infant can form attachments with several people, some attachments may be stronger and have different functions
- Animal studies of attachment
- Harlow
- Aimed to find out if baby monkeys would prefer a source of food or a source of comfort
- Separated from mother at birth and grown in isolation. Had two surrogate mothers; a wire mesh mother with a food source and a soft mother with no food
- Monkey spent most of their time clinging to soft mothers
- As the monkeys grew up they showed signs of social and emotional disturbance. Female monkeys were bad mothers who were often violent towards their offspring
- Lorenz
- Studied imprinting on geese
- Raised half the clutch of geese himself and left the other half to the mother
- When putting both groups together the ones he raised went to him and the others went to the mother
- After further experiments he determined that imprint most likely occurred between 13-16 hours after hatching (critical period)
- He also noted that after this critical period it was too late for the young birds to imprint
- Harlow
- Learning theory explanation
- Classical conditioning
- Getting food naturally gives the baby pleasure
- The baby's desire for food is fulfilled whenever the mother feeds It
- Eventually baby associates mother with food and attaches to her even in situations where food is not required/given
- Cupboard love theory
- Operant conditioning
- Babies feel discomfort when they are hungry
- Babies discover that when they cry their mothers will come and feed them so the discomfort is removed
- Negative reinforcement
- Classical conditioning
- Bowlby's monotropic theory
- Social releasers -innate, infant social behaviours that stimulate adult interaction and caregiving
- Attachment can be explained by evolution - we have evolved a biological need to attach to our main caregiver
- Social releasers -innate, infant social behaviours that stimulate adult interaction and caregiving
- We create one special attachment, a strong attachment provides a safe base and has survival value
- We create an internal working model of attachment which acts as a template for future relationships. it is working as it changes over time. the primary caregiver provides foundations for future relationships - continuity hypothesis
- There is a critical period for attachment to develop otherwise you may never do so. if doesn't occur or is broken it may cause serious psychological harm to child
- Critical period and internal working model
- There is a critical period for attachment to develop otherwise you may never do so. if doesn't occur or is broken it may cause serious psychological harm to child
- We create an internal working model of attachment which acts as a template for future relationships. it is working as it changes over time. the primary caregiver provides foundations for future relationships - continuity hypothesis
- Strange situition
- Conducted by Ainsworth and is considered the paradigm for conducting attachment types procedures
- Securely attached - infants are keen to explore, have high stranger anxiety but are easy to console and are enthusiastic at the return of their caregiver. (type B)
- Cultural variations
- Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg. Did a meta analysis on strange situation in several countries
- Germany : 35% type A , 57% type B, 8% type C ( Highest type A)
- Israel: 7% type A, 64% type B, 29% type C ( country with highest Type C )
- Britain : type A 22%, type B 75%, type C 3% ( highest type B)
- Intra-cultural differences in attachment types are often greater than inter-cultural differences
- Intra= same culture Inter= between cultures
- Insecure avoidant- infants are willing to explore, have low stranger anxiety, are unconcerned by separation and avoid contact when caregiver returns ( type A)
- Insecure resistant- infants are unwilling to explore, have high stranger anxiety and high separation anxiety. they seek and reject contact on return (type C)
- Maternal deprivation theory (Bowlby)
- Deprivation from the main carer during the critical period will have harmful effects on the child
- 44 thieves study (Bowlby)
- case study on 44 juvenile thieves and 44 emotionally disturbed children who didn't steal (control group)
- 17 of the thieves had experienced frequent separations from their mothers before the age of 2
- 12 of the thieves were diagnosed as 'affectionless psychopaths'
- 12/14 had experienced long term separation from their mothers
- 12/14 had experienced long term separation from their mothers
- Long term effects of deprivation can include separation anxiety and future relationships may be affected by this emotional insecurity
- Robertson and Robertson conducted a study providing evidence for Bowlbys theory
- Protest, despair and detachment
- Naturalistic observation
- Institutionalisation
- Privation - where the attachment is never formed
- Deprivation- the attachment is formed and then broken
- Long term effects
- Affectionless psychopathy
- Anaclitic depression - involving appetite loss, insomnia, and impaired social and intellectual development
- Deprivation dwarfism- infants are physically under developed due to emotional deprivation
- Delinquency
- Reduced intelligence
- Romanian orphans study (Rutter)
- 111 Romanian infants were adopted by British families were compared to 52 UK adoptees and were followed over a prolonged period
- The children younger than 6 months from Romania had the same level of emotional development as the UK kids
- Romanian orphans adopted after 6 months showed signs of insecure attachments and social problems.The UK kids didn't
- The influence of early attachment on adult relationships
- The internal working model of a child is used to explain adult relationships
- Some studies suggest that those who experience privation go on to have difficulties caring for their own children
- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans
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