Assessment 2
- Created by: Emilyburkee
- Created on: 06-05-21 14:41
View mindmap
- assessment 2
- unit 5
- LDR
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that chlorophyll absorbs light, leading to photoionisation of chlorophyll
- Ps2 absorbs light energy and the elections become excited and get passed down the ETC
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that some of the energy from electrons released during photoionisation is conserved in the production of ATP and reduced NADP
- Passed down the ETC in redox reactions, move down to lower energy levels this energy is used to phoophorilation of ADP to ATP
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that the production of ATP involves electron transfer associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain
- passed to diff proteins moving down e levels releasing energy to convert ADP and ATP
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that the production of ATP involves passage of protons across chloroplast membranes and is catalysed by ATP synthase
- ENERGY FROM ETC used to pump protons into thylakoid diffuse out via ATP synthase
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and oxygen
- photolysis is required to replace lost electrons, uses light to split H2O into protons e and o2
- Explain how light-dependent reactions shows that chlorophyll absorbs light, leading to photoionisation of chlorophyll
- productivity
- Recall that gross primary production (GPP) is the chemical energy store in plant biomass, in a given area or volume, in a given time
- Recall that Net primary production (NPP) is the chemical energy store in plant biomass after respiratory losses to the environment have been taken into account
- Recall that NPP = GPP – R where GPP represents gross production and R represents respiratory losses to the environment
- Describe how net primary production is available for plant growth and reproduction. It is also available to other trophic levels in the ecosystem, such as herbivores and decomposers
- net primary production is the energy available to the plant after respiration and is sued to perform photosynthesis ect
- LDR
- unit 6
- Recall that taxes and kineses as simple responses that can maintain a mobile organism in a favourable environment
- Recall roles and locations of chemoreceptors and pressure receptors and the roles of the autonomic nervous system and effectors in controlling heart rate
- chemoreceptors, detect PH chnages - CO2 concentration
- if PH = low more impulses sent to MO more impulses sent via sympathetic nerve to SAN heart rate increases
- baroreceptors detect changes in pressure - increased pressure -more impulses to MO more impulses down parasympathetic nereve
- chemoreceptors, detect PH chnages - CO2 concentration
- Describe the passage of an action potential along non-myelinated and myelinated axons, resulting in nerve impulses
- un-myelinated - localised currents induce an Ap to be produced in nearby membranes
- myelinated - salitory conduction - jumps form node to node = quicker
- un-myelinated - localised currents induce an Ap to be produced in nearby membranes
- unit 7
- genotype = combiation of genes in an organism
- phenotype = expressed physical characteristics due to combination of alleles and environment
- epistasis- when one traot is masked by another
- ratio = 9:4:3
- codominat- when both alleles dom and are both expressed in the phenotype when both are present
- sex-linkage when an allele is present on a sex chromosome
- autosomal linkage -when genes = close on chromosome so are inherited together
- no crossing over
- gene pool- refers to all the genes in a population
- allele frequency -how often a allele is present in a population
- hardy-weinberg
- p+q=1 - allele frequency
- p^2+2Pq+q^2=1 - genotype
- 5 assumptions
- no migration, no mutation random breeding, no selection,, large pop
- Describe how the size of a population can be estimated using randomly placed quadrats, or quadrats along a belt transect, for slow-moving or non-motile organisms
- use random coordinates to place large number of quadrats
- representative and avoids sampling bias
- use belt trasect when measuring effect of an abiotic factor on spread of pop
- record number in each quadrat or % cover
- use random coordinates to place large number of quadrats
- Explain primary succession, from colonisation by pioneer species to climax community
- environment = hostile to life and is colonised by a pioneer species who can withstand conditions
- pioneers change abiotic factors making them more suitable for others
- new species arise and out compete old ones as they are better suited to new conditions
- repeats with abiotic factors continually changing
- eventually climax community is reached when species richness = max and abiotic factors are stable
- unit 8
- Explain how gene mutations occur spontaneously and how mutations can result in a different amino acid sequence in the encoded polypeptide
- mutations occur spontaneously during replication or dision
- a deletion can result in a frame shift changing all subsequent amino acids coded for resulting in totally diff tertiary structure
- disulphide bridges in diff places
- a deletion can result in a frame shift changing all subsequent amino acids coded for resulting in totally diff tertiary structure
- mutations occur spontaneously during replication or dision
- Recall that totipotent cells occur only for a limited time in mammalian embryos whereas, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent cells are found in mature mammal
- Explain how pluripotent stem cells can divide in unlimited numbers and can be used in treating human disorders
- pluripotent cells are undifferentiated can can divide unlimitedly, can be used to heal wounds or treat disease by replacing damaged cells via mitosis
- contain same genes but diff ones are expressed
- pluripotent cells are undifferentiated can can divide unlimitedly, can be used to heal wounds or treat disease by replacing damaged cells via mitosis
- Describe and evaluate the use of stem cells in treating human disorders
- can divide unlimitedly and differentiate into most body cells to replace damaged ones- but can form tumours + ethics
- Explain epigenetic control of gene expression in eukaryotes
- expression controlled by the winding of DNA around histones - dependent on diff chemical tags eg methylation or acyeltaion
- if tightly wound then TF cannot bind to promoter region of gene and cannot be transcribed
- expression controlled by the winding of DNA around histones - dependent on diff chemical tags eg methylation or acyeltaion
- Explain how these changes are caused by changes in the environment that inhibit transcription by increased methylation of the DNA
- increased meythlation = more tightly wound and the gene is silenced
- Discuss the relevance of epigenetics on the development and treatment of disease, especially cancer
- drugs can be used to inhibit meythaltion of genes or actleyation of histones expressing genes needed to prevnt cancer ect or used to silencing genes assorted with disease
- Describe how fragments of DNA can be produced by several methods, including: using restriction enzymes to cut a fragment containing the desired gene from DNA
- restriction enzymes 'cut' DNA at recognition site - sticky end
- Recall how to relate recombinant DNA technology to gene therapy
- can be used to reinsert health genes to replace gene causing disease
- Explain the use of labelled DNA probes and DNA hybridisation to locate specific alleles of genes
- DNA probes = single stranded length of dna complementary to desired gene with a marker attached
- DNA hybridation = when probe is combined wiht the section of dna
- bind to gene and marks it
- DNA probes = single stranded length of dna complementary to desired gene with a marker attached
- Describe and interpret data showing the results of gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments
- seperates proteins on charge and size, larger = smaller distance moved
- Explain how gene mutations occur spontaneously and how mutations can result in a different amino acid sequence in the encoded polypeptide
- unit 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made