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- Created by: money_k01
- Created on: 17-10-17 11:17
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- Atomic structure
- Electronic configuration
- anomalies
- chronium
- 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1,3d5
- only have 1 electron in 4s
- copper
- 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1,3d10
- only one electron in 4s
- chronium
- ions
- positive
- electron lost from outermost shell
- negative
- electrons are gained
- d block elements lose electrons from 4s first
- positive
- 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p
- s=2 electrons
- p=6 electrons
- d=10 electrons
- anomalies
- TOF mass spectrometry
- ionisation
- electrospray
- dissolved in volatile substance
- injected through fine hyperdermic needle to create mist
- high voltage tip
- ionised by gaining proton forming + ion
- fragmentation doesn't occur
- M(g)+H+ -> MH+
- mass spectrum- one peak equal mass of MH+ so subtract 1 to get mass of molecule
- ionised by gaining proton forming + ion
- high voltage tip
- injected through fine hyperdermic needle to create mist
- dissolved in volatile substance
- electron
- sample vapourised and injected at low pressure
- electron gun fires high energy electrons at sample
- knocks outer electron forming + ion
- cause fragmentation so smaller peaks
- Ti -> Ti+ +e-
- knocks outer electron forming + ion
- electron gun fires high energy electrons at sample
- sample vapourised and injected at low pressure
- electrospray
- acceleration
- + ions accelerated by electric field
- all have same KE
- lighter particles have a faster velocity
- velocity determined by mass
- flight tube
- ions with smaller m/z have same KE as ones with larger m/z but move faster
- havier particles take longert
- ions distinguished by different flight times
- detection
- particles deflected by electric field
- current generated by electrons transferred from detector to positive ions
- current dependant on no. ions
- current proportional to abundance
- large m/z values deflected least
- mass spectrum
- measures m/z and abundance
- posistion of peak=atomic mass
- intensity of peak=abundance
- final peak= molecular ion (electron)
- ionisation
- Relative formula mass
- average mass of an atom relative to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon 12
- (isotopic mass*relative abundance) / total relative abundance
- Ionisation energies
- 1st ionisation energy
- endothermic- energy needed to overcome attraction between + nucleus and - electron
- across a period:increase
- attraction increases
- shielding stays same
- nuclear charge increases
- more protons
- down a group:decrease
- attraction decreases
- outer electron further away from from nucleus
- shielding increases
- more shells
- factors
- distance of electrons from nucleus (size of atom)
- attraction of nucleus
- shielding
- small drop when change energy shell or repulsion between electrons in orbital
- amount of energy required to overcome attraction between +nucleus and -electron
- 2nd ionisation energy
- always bigger: ion increases attraction
- less electrons so less repulsion
- big jump btetween 2 groups
- always bigger: ion increases attraction
- atomic size
- increases down the group
- more shells
- more shielding
- less attraction
- outer electrons pushed further away from nucleus
- decreases across a period
- attraction increases
- shielding is same
- outer electrons move closer to nucleus
- no. protons increases
- increases down the group
- helium= highest 1st I.E
- no shielding
- more protons than hydrogen
- greater attraction
- cations
- smaller than corresponding atom
- less electrons
- less repulsion
- electrons closer to nucleus
- smaller than corresponding atom
- anions
- larger than corresponding atom
- more shielding
- more shells
- electrons pushed further away
- larger than corresponding atom
- 1st ionisation energy
- Electronic configuration
- Untitled
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