AQA A Level Sociology Participant Observations

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  • Participant Observation
    • 2 types of PO: Non-participant and Participant
    • Structured non-participant observation: pre-determined list of behavioural types
    • Overt: researcher reveals their true identity
    • Covert: researcher conceals their true identity and purpose
    • Practical Issues
      • Insight: gives us a lot of it, verstehen
      • Sometimes you can only access certain groups: due to suspicion
      • Flexibility: can enter the research with an open mind
        • Polsky and Whyte agree with this
      • Limitations
        • Time-consuming and may take years
        • Researcher must be sociologically trained
        • Requires observational and interpersonal skills
    • Theoretical Issues
      • Interpretivism
        • Validity through involvement
        • Glaser and Strauss (1968): grounded theory is when hypotheses are grounded in the observed realities, rather than imposed on the data by the researcher
      • Positivism
        • They aren't very representative as the group studied is small and often selected haphazardly
        • They lack reliability as they aren't structured
        • Lack of objectivity because the sociologist risks 'going native', becoming loyal to the group...
        • Lack of validity as the findings are merely the biased subjective impressions of the observer
        • Risk of the Hawthorne Effect
      • Structure vs Action perspectives
        • PO is normally associated with 'action' perspectives as they see society from the 'bottom up' (micro)
        • Structural sociologists (marxism and functionalism): PO ignores the macro structural forces that shape behaviour

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