Psychology - approaches - Mindmap in A Level and IB Psychology

View mindmap

Approaches
- Cognitive
  - thought, both conscious and unconscious can influence behaviour;
  - thought mediates between stimulus and response;
  - information processing approach;
    - Schemas
      - Mental processes used to guide behaviour
      - Make sense of the world
        information processing approach;
        Schemas
        Mental processes used to guide behaviour
        
        Make sense of the world
        Info stored in categories, concepts and schemas
        
        Retrieve info from the appropriate schema to guide our response to an event (stimulus)
        E.g stranger stands on foot
        Majority of people would retrieve past info that this was an accident
        
        Certain people would think it was a deliberate provocative act
        Dodge's attribution bias
        CBT would help change these attributions
        
        Info stored in categories, concepts and schemas
      - Retrieve info from the appropriate schema to guide our response to an event (stimulus)
        E.g stranger stands on foot
        Majority of people would retrieve past info that this was an accident
        
        Certain people would think it was a deliberate provocative act
        Dodge's attribution bias
        CBT would help change these attributions
  - mind works similarly to a computer;
    - E.g. Multi store model (Attkinson and Shiffrin)
    - Input, process, output
  - use of models;
  - mental processes can be scientifically studied;
  - the human mind actively processes information
  - Evaluation
    - Not possible to see cognitive processes st work making it subjective and unscientific, decreasing validity.
      - But they do use scientific method to infer
        Such as memory, attention, problem solving and reasoning all use lab experiments
        
        Replicable, controlled, objective
        
        Don't always reflect the real world, often not real ife tasks, decisions etc.
    - Applications
      - Memory, sports psychology, cognitive treatments
      - Cognitive interview (Geiselman)
    - Mechanical, often more interested in mental processes than behaviour
      - Ignore human emotion, little more than machines (computer analogy)
    - Nomothetic to create laws but idiographic in case studies (KF and HM)
      - KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. suffered brain damage to STM
        impairment was mainly for verbal info – memory for visual info was largely unaffected. Shows separate STM components for visual (VVS) and verbal (phonological loop).
- Sociall learning theory
  - Learning in a social context
    - Can explain the learning of complex social behaviours
      - Evaluation
        Takes into account the role of cognition in learning
        
        use of experimental method and focus on humans
        
        Applications
        self-efficacy
        extent of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
        
        SLT = learn skills from observation, imitation and modelling of one another
        Self-efficacy reflects an individual’s understanding of what skills he/she can offer in a group setting
        
        Sports psychology
        Vicarious reinforcment watching experienced players be dedicated and do well because of this for example
        
        Neglects the role of biology/ heredity/ maturation
        
        Doesn't specify how observed behaviour is stored or reproduced
      - Does not explain the learning of abstract ideas (moral principles)
  - Observational learning
  - imitation
  - identification
  - role of models
    - characteristics of models
      - power
      - admired
      - warmth + friendliness
      - same gender
      - similarity
    - consequences of bheaviour of models
  - Vicarious reinforcement/punishment
  - Disticiton between learning and eprformance
  - Cognitive facotrs in learning (attention, retention)
    - Takes into account the role of cognition in learning
  - personal agency
  - self-efficacy
    - extent of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
    - SLT = learn skills from observation, imitation and modelling of one another
      - Self-efficacy reflects an individual’s understanding of what skills he/she can offer in a group setting
  - reciprocal determinism
    - less deterministic and reductionist than behaviourist
    - interaction between behaviour and environement
  - Bobo Doll
    - imitation of agression
    - Agressive conditions resulted in more agressive behaviour than control
      - Significantly higher agression for imitation of the male model for both sexes
    - Demand characteristics
    - novelty/pleasant to hit
- Behaviourist
  - Learned from experience/ blank slate
  - Classical and/or operant conditioning
    - Classical
      - Association of two stimuli
      - Skinner and Pavlov
      - Little Albert
      - Extinction
        If UCS does not appear after CS then CR will cease
      - Discrimination
        CR only elicited by original CS
      - Generalisation
        Other similar stimuli to the CS produce a CR
    - Operant
      - past reinforcements and punishments
      - Different schedules of reinforcement
        Continuous - every correct response
        
        or partial reinforcement - fixed ratio (FR3 = 1 reinforcer after every 3 correct responses
  - Evaluation
    - Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
      - Highly applicable
      - Sytematic desnsitization conditions positive associations with feared objects in phobias
      - Aversion therapy conditions negative associations with addictions.
    - Scientific approach, experimental mothod allowed for development as a science with objective, varifiable facts
    - Nomothetic (laws and labs but ignores subjective person)
    - Ignores mediational processes
    - Ignores biological factors
    - Too deterministic (environmental)(no free-will)
    - Therapies focus on the now and deal with the problem.
      - Whereas therapies such as psychoanalysis would concentrate on the past
      - Some can be unpleasant (flooding) and they do not always seek underlying reason
    - Reductionist
    - There is contradictory evidence to the pricnciples of conditioning
      - E.g the concept of learned helplessness
        Seligman's dogs (mild electric shocks conditioned them to jump back and forth. But they soon lay down and accepted punishment
  - use of animals
    - Human behaviour is more complex than animal behaviour
      - Evaluation
        Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
        Highly applicable
        
        Sytematic desnsitization conditions positive associations with feared objects in phobias
        
        Aversion therapy conditions negative associations with addictions.
        
        Scientific approach, experimental mothod allowed for development as a science with objective, varifiable facts
        
        Nomothetic (laws and labs but ignores subjective person)
        
        Ignores mediational processes
        
        Ignores biological factors
        
        Too deterministic (environmental)(no free-will)
        
        Therapies focus on the now and deal with the problem.
        Whereas therapies such as psychoanalysis would concentrate on the past
        
        Some can be unpleasant (flooding) and they do not always seek underlying reason
        
        Reductionist
        
        There is contradictory evidence to the pricnciples of conditioning
        E.g the concept of learned helplessness
        Seligman's dogs (mild electric shocks conditioned them to jump back and forth. But they soon lay down and accepted punishment
      - Conciousness, reflective thought/ emotions
      - animals can be studied in detail in a way that humans could not
  - Observable behaviour
  - Radical beahviourism (Skinner)
    - entirely determined by past experiences and conditioning
  - Neo-behaviourism
    - inclusion of SLT
- Biological
  - All behaviour has a biological basis
  - The causal level of analysis
    - The phyislogical processes underlying behaviour
      - nervous system
        central - brain and spinal cord
        
        Peripheral - ANS
        Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, temerature, flight or fight
  - The functional level of analysis
    - Genetic basis - originating form Darwin's work
      - NaTURAL SELECTION
  - Genes

Get Revising

Psychology - approaches

Comments

Similar Psychology resources: