Psychology - approaches
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- Created by: jade
- Created on: 19-03-15 19:48
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- Approaches
- Cognitive
- thought, both conscious and unconscious can influence behaviour;
- thought mediates between stimulus and response;
- information processing approach;
- Schemas
- Mental processes used to guide behaviour
- Make sense of the world
- information processing approach;
- Schemas
- Mental processes used to guide behaviour
- Make sense of the world
- Info stored in categories, concepts and schemas
- Retrieve info from the appropriate schema to guide our response to an event (stimulus)
- E.g stranger stands on foot
- Majority of people would retrieve past info that this was an accident
- Certain people would think it was a deliberate provocative act
- Dodge's attribution bias
- CBT would help change these attributions
- Dodge's attribution bias
- E.g stranger stands on foot
- Schemas
- Info stored in categories, concepts and schemas
- information processing approach;
- Retrieve info from the appropriate schema to guide our response to an event (stimulus)
- E.g stranger stands on foot
- Majority of people would retrieve past info that this was an accident
- Certain people would think it was a deliberate provocative act
- Dodge's attribution bias
- CBT would help change these attributions
- Dodge's attribution bias
- E.g stranger stands on foot
- Schemas
- mind works similarly to a computer;
- E.g. Multi store model (Attkinson and Shiffrin)
- Input, process, output
- use of models;
- mental processes can be scientifically studied;
- the human mind actively processes information
- Evaluation
- Not possible to see cognitive processes st work making it subjective and unscientific, decreasing validity.
- But they do use scientific method to infer
- Such as memory, attention, problem solving and reasoning all use lab experiments
- Replicable, controlled, objective
- Don't always reflect the real world, often not real ife tasks, decisions etc.
- But they do use scientific method to infer
- Applications
- Memory, sports psychology, cognitive treatments
- Cognitive interview (Geiselman)
- Mechanical, often more interested in mental processes than behaviour
- Ignore human emotion, little more than machines (computer analogy)
- Nomothetic to create laws but idiographic in case studies (KF and HM)
- KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. suffered brain damage to STM
- impairment was mainly for verbal info – memory for visual info was largely unaffected. Shows separate STM components for visual (VVS) and verbal (phonological loop).
- KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. suffered brain damage to STM
- Not possible to see cognitive processes st work making it subjective and unscientific, decreasing validity.
- Sociall learning theory
- Learning in a social context
- Can explain the learning of complex social behaviours
- Evaluation
- Takes into account the role of cognition in learning
- use of experimental method and focus on humans
- Applications
- self-efficacy
- extent of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
- SLT = learn skills from observation, imitation and modelling of one another
- Self-efficacy reflects an individual’s understanding of what skills he/she can offer in a group setting
- Sports psychology
- Vicarious reinforcment watching experienced players be dedicated and do well because of this for example
- self-efficacy
- Neglects the role of biology/ heredity/ maturation
- Doesn't specify how observed behaviour is stored or reproduced
- Does not explain the learning of abstract ideas (moral principles)
- Evaluation
- Can explain the learning of complex social behaviours
- Observational learning
- imitation
- identification
- role of models
- characteristics of models
- power
- admired
- warmth + friendliness
- same gender
- similarity
- consequences of bheaviour of models
- characteristics of models
- Vicarious reinforcement/punishment
- Disticiton between learning and eprformance
- Cognitive facotrs in learning (attention, retention)
- Takes into account the role of cognition in learning
- personal agency
- self-efficacy
- extent of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
- SLT = learn skills from observation, imitation and modelling of one another
- Self-efficacy reflects an individual’s understanding of what skills he/she can offer in a group setting
- reciprocal determinism
- less deterministic and reductionist than behaviourist
- interaction between behaviour and environement
- Bobo Doll
- imitation of agression
- Agressive conditions resulted in more agressive behaviour than control
- Significantly higher agression for imitation of the male model for both sexes
- Demand characteristics
- novelty/pleasant to hit
- Learning in a social context
- Behaviourist
- Learned from experience/ blank slate
- Classical and/or operant conditioning
- Classical
- Association of two stimuli
- Skinner and Pavlov
- Little Albert
- Extinction
- If UCS does not appear after CS then CR will cease
- Discrimination
- CR only elicited by original CS
- Generalisation
- Other similar stimuli to the CS produce a CR
- Operant
- past reinforcements and punishments
- Different schedules of reinforcement
- Continuous - every correct response
- or partial reinforcement - fixed ratio (FR3 = 1 reinforcer after every 3 correct responses
- Classical
- Evaluation
- Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
- Highly applicable
- Sytematic desnsitization conditions positive associations with feared objects in phobias
- Aversion therapy conditions negative associations with addictions.
- Scientific approach, experimental mothod allowed for development as a science with objective, varifiable facts
- Nomothetic (laws and labs but ignores subjective person)
- Ignores mediational processes
- Ignores biological factors
- Too deterministic (environmental)(no free-will)
- Therapies focus on the now and deal with the problem.
- Whereas therapies such as psychoanalysis would concentrate on the past
- Some can be unpleasant (flooding) and they do not always seek underlying reason
- Reductionist
- There is contradictory evidence to the pricnciples of conditioning
- E.g the concept of learned helplessness
- Seligman's dogs (mild electric shocks conditioned them to jump back and forth. But they soon lay down and accepted punishment
- E.g the concept of learned helplessness
- Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
- use of animals
- Human behaviour is more complex than animal behaviour
- Evaluation
- Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
- Highly applicable
- Sytematic desnsitization conditions positive associations with feared objects in phobias
- Aversion therapy conditions negative associations with addictions.
- Scientific approach, experimental mothod allowed for development as a science with objective, varifiable facts
- Nomothetic (laws and labs but ignores subjective person)
- Ignores mediational processes
- Ignores biological factors
- Too deterministic (environmental)(no free-will)
- Therapies focus on the now and deal with the problem.
- Whereas therapies such as psychoanalysis would concentrate on the past
- Some can be unpleasant (flooding) and they do not always seek underlying reason
- Reductionist
- There is contradictory evidence to the pricnciples of conditioning
- E.g the concept of learned helplessness
- Seligman's dogs (mild electric shocks conditioned them to jump back and forth. But they soon lay down and accepted punishment
- E.g the concept of learned helplessness
- Sucess of behaviour therapy (aversion therapy, systematic desensitization) and can be applied to token economy
- Conciousness, reflective thought/ emotions
- animals can be studied in detail in a way that humans could not
- Evaluation
- Human behaviour is more complex than animal behaviour
- Observable behaviour
- Radical beahviourism (Skinner)
- entirely determined by past experiences and conditioning
- Neo-behaviourism
- inclusion of SLT
- Biological
- All behaviour has a biological basis
- The causal level of analysis
- The phyislogical processes underlying behaviour
- nervous system
- central - brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral - ANS
- Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, temerature, flight or fight
- nervous system
- The phyislogical processes underlying behaviour
- The functional level of analysis
- Genetic basis - originating form Darwin's work
- NaTURAL SELECTION
- Genetic basis - originating form Darwin's work
- Genes
- Cognitive
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